پا کستان لیجر| PAKISTAN LEDGER | پاکستاني کھاتا | May 29th, 2008 | Moin Ansari | معین آنصآرّی | | RUPEE NEWS | Moin Ansari | May 29th, 2008 | معین آنصآرّی | اخبار روپیہ | This artilce not only discusses the current crisis with the Indians trying to play God with the waters of the Indus–sometimes flooding Pakistan, and at other times starving the land of water. India’s Aqua Bomb for water wars: Stops water to Pakistan

• Indus Water Treaty, Kalabagh, Kashmir, & Gurdaspur
• Indian Aqua bomb-Pakistan’s future water wars in Kashmir
• Indus Water Treaty, Kalabagh, Kashmir, & Gurdaspur
• The Kalabagh Dam dropped without discussion in parliament
• Water wars: India attacks Pakistan with Water again-flash floods 57 villages

India's Aqau bomb: Water wars between India and Pakistan

According to many the Water Wars have already started between India and Pakistan. In fact they may have commenced on August 14th 1947. The first paper cut for Pakistan was the forged “Article of Accession” based inclusion of Kashmir into Bharat. Under pressure from all sides, Ayub Khan signed the Indus Water Treaty which has been a farce from the day India signed it.

India never had any intention of living up to it or to allow any concessions to either Pakistan or Bangladesh. Water is not only a strategic resource, but also a lethal weapon which is being used and will be used in the future. India has used her dams to cause flood damage to Pakistan

Lt Gen (r) Hameed Gul has said that India has so far built 62 dams and hydro-electric units on Pakistani rivers to deprive Pakistan of water and render into a desert.

He said Pakistan was being deprived of water under an international conspiracy to conquer it. At this stage, some insane people were opposing construction of Kalabagh Dam in Pakistan, he added. He said that Shaukat Aziz’s influx in Pakistan was also part of the conspiracy as he formulated such policies, which put the country into crisis. He said that Shaukat Aziz created food shortage. He said the mujahideeen damaged Baglihar Dam and it could not be reconstructed.

Hameed Gul, however, warned that the mujahideen would damage all dams. Sindh Water Council Chairman Hafiz Zahoor-ul-Hassan Dahr said that when the dispute on water would not be resolved, there would be conflict between the two countries. He said, “India is not building dams under the Indus Water Treaty but on the Pakistani rivers.” He said that the food shortage would be forty per cent next year that would increase starvation in the country. He warned, “Pakistan can become Somalia and Ethopia,” he added.

The Indus Waters Treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, sets up a legal regime determining the rights and obligations of both parties concerning the use of the waters of the Indus basin. The World Bank is a signatory to the treaty for certain specified purposes. It is not a guarantor of the treaty. Under the treaty, use of the rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi, termed the eastern rivers, has been allocated to India while Pakistan is entitled to unrestricted use of the rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab. India can only interfere with the flow of the western rivers for the following uses: domestic use, non-consumptive use, (navigation, flood control, fishing and wildlife), agricultural use and generation of hydroelectric power and storage works.

Analyst believe that low water flows and energy deficiency have forced India to increasingly manipulate the IWT to its advantage; secondly, Delhi wants to use water as political leverage against Pakistan; thirdly, keeping up ancillary issues as a wall to keep the core issue on the backburner and lastly, to prove to the Kashmiris that Islamabad is denying them jobs and opportunities which originate from the state’s very own resources. Water War By Naveed Ahmad

The pact between India and Pakistan is called “The Indus Water Treaty“. That treaty is in tatters because India has repeatedly broken it, bent it, subverted it, and worked around it to reduce the amount of water to Pakistan and increase the amount of water to India.

Many say that there will be many wars around water. Some may have already started. The Kalabagh Dam in intricately linked to the distribution of water between India and Paksitan.

The next most serious choke was applied through the Indus Water Treaty (1960): Pakistan lost three Eastern Rivers. The World Bank solution violated the International Law which does not allow change of direction and the flow of the rivers anywhere in the world. River Ravi passing through Lahore was given to India. Subsequently Pakistan saw with open eyes India building dams and powerhouses on the three Western Rivers which were designed “for exclusive use of Pakistan.” The Indian Minister for Power and Water, Chakravarty, said openly in a formal meeting of the IWT council held at Delhi: “When we abrogate IWT, Pakistan will be in a state of draught and Pakistanis will cry for drops of water” (June 14, 2002).

The COAS of the Indian Army also said, “The rejection of Kalabagh Dam by elements in Pakistan enhances the insecurity of Pakistan. Salal Dam was completed without our knowledge” (2003).

Pakistani authorities raised a mild objection on Baglihar Dam (2005) when it was nearing completion. The World Bank mediator finally advised lowering of the dam by 2-ft. India had its way towards the final thrust to kill Pakistan.

The ground-breaking ceremony (February 9, 2008) of Kishanganga-Jhelum Hydel Project – vision 2030 – located at Muzffarabad, was held at Aiwan-e-Sadr Islamabad: India has challenged it. India is quite used to imposing its will on Pakistan.

We must have known that Kalabagh and Bhasha dams and other projects are the water-management schemes of local resources: they are not the replacement of the three Western Rivers being controlled by India. Why there was no challenge offered to the enemy? Even the governments were inclined to concede the rights to India to build Wullar-Barrage: the source of Mangla Dam which can be turned into 110 sq mile of sandy-patch. The groundwork of Wullar Barrage was destroyed by the mujahideen on April 7, 1990. Between 1947 and now who is or was responsible for the security of Pakistan and its water resources? I wish, I pray, we must know our enemy or enemies and must know how to stand against them. We are already in the minefield. The writer is a Retired Brigadier

According to many experts more than 40% of the Indus water flows into the ocean and is waster. If some of this was placed into a reservoir, this could be held of bad times. Some in Pakistan believe that some water has to flow into the ocean to keep the ocean taking away good land in Sindh. This totally condradicts facts on the ground.

ISLAMABAD HIGH COURT REQUIRES INFORMAITON ON DAMS

Indian dams: IHC reprimands CD for not submitting report

ISLAMABAD: A single-member bench of the Islamabad High Court (IHC) on Thursday reprimanded the Cabinet Division (CD) for failing to submit a report on the disruption of river flow Pakistan by Indian dams and their impact on local agriculture.

The bench had previously given the CD four weeks to submit the report, and extended this deadline by two weeks. IHC Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam headed the bench, while lawyer Malik Ishtiaq represented the federation.

Human Rights Society Chairman Kowkab Iqbal had filed a petition with the IHC voicing concerns about the construction of Baglihar and Kishan Ganga dams and 62 proposed water reservoirs by India.

He said that India used around 80 percent of the water in the Jhelum and

Chenab Rivers, creating a drought-like situation in Pakistan, and maintained the use of river waters in such a manner is a blatant violation of Indus Basin Treaty.

Kowkab said that India was currently spending around $200 billion on the construction of water tunnels to the Indus River, which could turn parts of Pakistan into a barren land. The petitioner said that the matter had been given ‘the cold shoulder’ by past governments and politicians.

He emphasised that the government should raise ‘this matter of life and death for Pakistanis’ at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Chenab Rivers, creating a drought-like situation in Pakistan, and maintained the use of river waters in such a manner is a blatant violation of Indus Basin Treaty.

Kowkab said that India was currently spending around $200 billion on the construction of water tunnels to the Indus River, which could turn parts of Pakistan into a barren land. The petitioner said that the matter had been given ‘the cold shoulder’ by past governments and politicians.

He emphasised that the government should raise ‘this matter of life and death for Pakistanis’ at the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

The Pakistani Supreme Court is trying to take action where the politicians have failed the country.

INDIA CONTINUES TO BUILD DAMS

Greater availability of power would lure industrial investment and provide many more employment opportunities in Jammu and Kashmir, he said.

Jammu and Kashmir, despite a generating potential of 14,000 MW of electricity, produces only 1,865 MW.

Most power projects in the state are far behind schedule. The Salal project had taken more than 28 years, Dul Hasti took 25 years and Baglihar is still nowhere near completion even after 11 years of work.

“It is for this reason that we are pooling our resources in generating power in the state,” said a PDC official, adding the entire cost would be over Rs.120 billion. The NHPC will have 51 percent stake and the PDC the rest.

India plans three power projects in four years. The National Hydel Power Corporation (NHPC) and Jammu and Kashmir’s Power Development Corporation (PDC) have drawn up an ambitious plan to build three projects by 2012 in the power-starved state. Earlier, the PDC had wanted to float global tenders for the project, but now it has been decided to partner with the NHPC, a central government enterprise for development of hydro-electricity, PDC sources said.PDC will also sign a joint venture agreement with the NHPC this month-end for two other projects – Kiru of 600 MW and Karwa of 500 MW. The projects will be executed in the next four years, the sources said. Power Minister Babu Singh said these projects would transform the economic landscape of the state.

The Kalabagh Dam dropped without discussion in parliament

The Kalabagh dam is essential in eliminating the power gap in Pakistan.

Water dispute between India and Pakistan created the need for Pakistan to build many new dams:

A seminal reason behind the dispute over Kashmir is water. Kashmir is the origin point for many rivers and tributaries of the Indus River basin. They include Jhelum and Chenab which primarily flow into Pakistan while other branches – the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej irrigate northern India. Pakistan has been apprehensive that in a dire need India under whose portion of Kashmir lies the origins and passage of the said rivers, would use its strategic advantage and withhold the flow and thus choke the agrarian economy of Pakistan. The Boundary Award of 1947 meant that the headworks of the chief irrigation systems of Pakistan were left located in Indian Territory.

The Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, which governs the sharing of the Himalayan rivers that are common to the two countries is a singular achievement in the area of India-Pakistan relations. Brokered by the World Bank in the 1950s, it took almost nine years before negotiators could agree on a deal. That both India and Pakistan needed development assistance from the World Bank created powerful incentives for a deal to be concluded. Pakistan won the exclusive use of the Indus and its eastern tributaries, while India retained the use of the western tributaries, and — this is where it gets interesting — restricted use of the eastern tributaries. Pakistan received a huge dollop of funding from the international community, including a not inconsequential sum from India, to develop its own irrigation system.

Besides helping lubricate and broker the deal, the World Bank signed a subset of the treaty and resolved to provide neutral umpiring when the treaty’s institutional bilateral mechanism failed to resolve disputes. In the sort of language that international diplomats use, the escalation process started with a question, to be discussed by the bilateral Permanent Indus Commission; which became a difference if the bilateral process failed, requiring the appointment of a ‘neutral expert’; and ultimately became a dispute to be resolved by a ‘court of arbitration’ Foreign Affairs Sharing the Indus

Furthermore, the British commission in charge of Partition handed Gurdaspur district over to India, despite being a Muslim majority district of Punjab, as they thought India to be more favourable for most. The British claims were that if India did not control Gurdaspur, then Pakistan could simply cut off water supplies to Amritsar, though they could not justify just the opposite happening. The result was of many Muslims unexpectedly forced to migrate under harsh conditions, with Hindus and Sikhs killing, raping and mutilating many. However, Gurdaspur is the district in which all roads from India in Kashmir run, and thus, Pakistan alleges that the British effectively decided the fate of Kashmir by giving India a lifeline in Kashmir.

Pakistan also alleges that the British reasoning for handing over Gurdaspur was extremely biased, corrupted, flawed and unfair because while Pakistan was denied Gurdaspur district on the grounds of Indian water security, India maintained control over Pakistani water by retaining all the districts of Punjab in which major Pakistani rivers had their headwaters. Since Pakistan has always been an agriculture based country, it was in danger. Essentially this is seen as a veto power held by India over Pakistan agriculture. The Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960 resolved most of these disputes over the sharing of water, calling for mutual cooperation in this regard. This treaty faced issues raised by Pakistan over the illegal construction of dams on the Indian side which limit water to the Pakistani side.

The Water bomb by MAJID NIZAMI

We are all aware that Pakistan is faced with a number of serious problems and threats, each of which seems to be more serious than the other. However, of all the problems none is more threatening than the schemes of Hindu India to block the water of Pakistan’s Rivers, thereby causing water famine in the country.

Unfortunately, awareness of this threat has been lacking on the part of Pakistan’s rulers in the past. But we cannot afford to ignore it any longer because the consequences will endanger not just the agriculture, economy and the stability of Pakistan but its very survival. India knows this vulnerability of Pakistan and fired by its eternal enmity to this country has been moving ahead with plans to hit Pakistan hard in the sensitive sphere of water. India, as you would also know by now, is constructing 58 dams and water reservoirs on Pakistan’s Rivers, Chenab, Jhelum and Sindh.

Realising the great danger that Pakistan is about to face through acute scarcity of water, we have held several conferences and exclusive sessions with professional experts in this field at the Nazria Pakistan Trust. What role would Nazaria have if the country’s survival was not ensured first! The picture that emerged from the evaluation of the situation by the experts is far grimmer than what we had generally known through media reports.

History has acknowledged now that the unannounced dishonest alteration in the Punjab boundary line made by Radcliff and Mountbatten at the time of the Partition in August 1947, by which the two very important headworks of Madhopur on the Ravi and Ferozpur on the Sutlej were given to India, laid the foundation of depriving Pakistan of the water resources that historically and geographically belonged to it. The Indus Basin Treaty (IBT) of September 1960, whose provisions clearly favoured India, and which the dictatorial Ayub regime accepted although it was against our national interest, was, similarly, designed to deny Pakistan even its rightful share of the water of the three allocated Rivers in the years to come.

Added to the foreign sinister schemes is the painful factor of an ‘India lobby’ among our policymakers, which has let India go on violating the Indus Basin Treaty by building dams and diverting/blocking waters that belong to Pakistan.

India is going ahead with the controversial Baghliar Dam on River Chenab, while Pakistan government, after raising belated objections, has still not taken the decisive steps that are necessary to have this project stopped. Its pathetic proof was seen at the fourth round of the so-called Composite Dialogue between the two countries held in Islamabad from 19-21 May 2008. According to the officials, “The contentious issue of the Baghliar Dam could not find place in the agenda of the foreign ministers’ talks despite Pakistan’s insistence.”
The government has all the experts and the data for evaluation of the dangers that this Dam poses to Pakistan. Just the few details mentioned below will give you an idea of the dangers to come, if the government does not confront India on the water issue.

Baghliar Dam is of such a large size that, whenever it so wants, India can block 7000 to 8000 cusec-ft of water per day. Besides, India has already built 14 hydroelectric plants at River Chenab’s northern part and is building still more plants to enable it to block the entire water of Chenab for 20 to 25 days. If India were to store the water of Chenab and Jhelum for just 2 to 3 months, Pakistan’s agriculture would be ruined, with dreadful consequences for the nation. India plans to formally begin the operation of Baghliar Dam on June 30, 2008.

If Pakistan fails to move quickly, the Indians, by completing their ongoing projects would have a powerful weapon in their hands. Blocking of the water of Chenab and Jhelum would result in:

” Denial of water to a vast region, including Multan, Jhang, Faisalabad, Gujrat, Okara, Sahiwal, Vehari, Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur and Rahimyar Khan.

” 406 Canals and 1125 Distributaries will become dry, rendering 35 lakh acres of cultivated land barren, and eventually ruining a total of 70 acres of fertile land.

” The Marala Headworks, through which water from Chenab is poured into River Ravi that had dried up after it went into India’s control under the IBT, will stop functioning. The Ravi feeds the Canals along the border, which serve as a most important Defence Line. If Chenab’s normal flow stops, Ravi would have no water and the Border Canals would become dry.

The Sindh Tas Water Council Pakistan, which has been engaged since 1984 in the in-depth study of India’s designs of denial of water to Pakistan, has discovered that India is actually working on a secret mega-plan that was drawn years ago with the aim of bringing Pakistan to its knees, when the time came, by subjecting it to total starvation of water. This mega-plan is being financed and implemented by a consortium consisting of India and three other countries (one of which is Israel), two multinational companies, one trans-national NGO and three secret agencies.

I was not exaggerating when a few weeks ago I warned our government to beware of India’s “Water Bomb.”

We have no option now but to urgently take bold and decisive measures against the Indian schemes of subjecting Pakistan to devastation. But, no measures can be effective nor can succeed if Pakistan’s policies of giving India the image of a close trading and social partner and a friendly neighbour who poses no threat are not changed.
Indeed, we have seen these misconceived policies proving demoralising and harmful to our country, while facilitating India in promoting its schemes and strengthening its aims against Pakistan.

The “water bomb” is a reality that Pakistan’s rulers must not overlook in the artificial scenario created by the so-called “confidence building measures.”

To divert the water coming into the Mangla Dam, India is building Ohrri Two Dam at River Poonch, Kishan Ganga Dam at River Neelum, and 19 Hydel-Projects at River Jhelum, aimed to be completed by 2012. Mangla Dam receives its stock of water from Rivers Jhelum, Neelum and Poonch. If this water is stopped, Mangla Dam would turn into a dry clay field.

BAGHALIER DAM

SRINAGAR: Indian-held Kashmir’s controversial Baglihar hydroelectric project will start partial operations by next June, supplying much needed power, the troubled region’s chief minister said.Map issues
As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir as part of their territory

The border had already been roughly drawn up by Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, but the final version was set out by Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Radcliffe had never visited India and didn’t know anybody in India before his arrival. Thus, he was considered to be unbiased. However, he was ignorant of realities on the ground and this caused avoidable gaffes in the division. For example, there were instances where the border was drawn leaving some parts of a village in India and some in Pakistan. There were even instances where the dividing line passed through a single house with some rooms in one country and others in the other. Radcliffe’s justification for such a casual division was that no matter what he did, people would suffer.

He also had to work in a very short time period so there was little point in being careful where exactly the border lay. He made no real attempt to ensure that the border skirted villages or was drawn between thickly populated areas instead of right through them. Radcliffe has been accused of being completely unconcerned about the sufferings of the Indians. The division was done in secret, and the British government allowed no Indians to review it, since disputes were bound to have arisen then and it would delay the Partition.

There were a major disputes regarding the Radcliffe Line .

Gurdaspur District had a slight Muslim majority. The proportion of Muslim to non-Muslim population in the district as a whole was 50.6 and 49.4 respectively with Shakargarh and Gurdaspur tehsils with a slight Muslim majority of 1% each while Batala tehsil had a Muslim majority of 53% and Pathankot tehsil had an overwhelming majority of non-Muslims at 67%. In the end only Shakargarh tehsil which was separated from the rest of the district by the Ravi river was awarded to Pakistan leaving the rest of the district with a slight majority of non-Muslims, but it was speculated that at the insistence of Lord Mountbatten it was awarded as such to East Punjab, so that if the kingdom of Kashmir wanted to integrate with the Indian Union, it would be accessible to India. In any case Pathankot tehsil would have gone to India and it had a direct rail road link with the adjoining areas of Hoshiarpur and Kangra districts of East Punjab.

Another point was that Batala and Gurdaspur would provide buffer to the Sikh holy city of Amritsar which otherwise would be surrounded by Muslim territory of Pakistan. The last point that was argued before the boundary commission by Mountbatten and others was that if the area east of the Ravi river was considered as one block consisting of Amritsar and most of Gurdaspur district (excluding Shakargarh), it would have a slight non-Muslim majority. Also, by doing so majority of Sikh population (58%) would fall in East Punjab, by doing the opposite a slight majority will be left in Pakistan which would exponentially increase the number of Sikh refugees. This was an attempt to pacify the Sikhs for they lost major tracts of lands in West Punjab. An attempt was made by Radcliffe to transfer Ferozepore and Zira tehsils to Pakistan instead. This was opposed by the Maharaja of Bikaner because Harike headworks on the confluence of Satluj and Beas rivers, from where a canal, the only source of water for his desert state originated, was in Ferozepore. It was only after he threatened Mountbatten, that he would accede his state to Pakistan if Ferozepur was awarded to West Punjab, that the award was changed at the last minute and all of Ferozepur district was awarded to India.

Another disputed decision made by Radcliffe was inclusion of Malda district of Bengal, a Muslim majority area into India. The district remained under East Pakistan administration for 3-4 days after 15th August, 1947.It was only when the award was made public, the Pakistan flag was replaced by the Indian one in Malda.

Though the entire Sylhet district of Assam decided to join Pakistan through plebiscite, the sub-division of Karimganj was severed from Sylhet and given to India without any apparent reason and raised question about the rationality of Radcliffe line.

Kashmir and Junagarh is Pakistani territory

Pakistan also claims that Indian forces were in Kashmir before the Instrument of Accession was signed with India (Kashmir: Does the article of accession exist?), thus, Indian troops were in Kashmir in violation of the Standstill Agreement which was designed to maintain the status quo in Kashmir. This view is also echoed by many Western experts on the Kashmir conflict. [10][11]. Nehru’s commitment to the people of Kashmir

US resolutions, and Nehru speeches on disputed nature of Kashmir. Further, Pakistan as well as human rights groups across the world have alleged that Indian Armed Forces, its paramilitary groups, and counter-insurgent militias have been responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Kashmiri civilians and gang-rapes of hundreds of women.[12][13].

Azad Kashmir

In short, Pakistan holds that

The popular Kashmiri insurgency demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that either Kashmir wants to be with Pakistan or independent.
Indian counterinsurgency tactics merit international monitoring of the Kashmir conflict, and the Indian Army has carried out human rights violations – including torture, rape and extrajudicial killings – against the Kashmiri people. Nehru’s Commitement to people of Kashmir and various un-implemented UN resolutions on Kashmir

Northern Areas are part of Pakistan and were never part of Kashmir. According to the two-nation theory by which Pakistan was formed, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority. THE GEOGRAPHIC TWO NATION THEORY: “Pakistan” existed 5000 years ago. IVC thrives as Pakistan today . The “K” in Pakistan stands for Kashmir. The Quaid answers 3 questions in 1940 Kashmir. India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN (by not holding a plebiscite). THERE WAS NO “PARTITION”: For Britain ” ‘Indian’ Empire” included Somalia, Iraq, Burma, Singapore etc. For the French “India” included Vietnam (Indo-China). For the Dutch “India” included “Indo-n-asia”.

WHY WE CREATED PAKISTAN? The Pakistan Ideology. ONT vs TNT . The Kashmiri people have now been forced by the circumstances to rise against the alleged repression of the Indian army and uphold their right of self-determination through militancy. 100,000 Kashmiris died for “Tehrik e ilhaq e Pakistan”. Pakistan claims to give the Kashmiri insurgents moral, ethical and military support (see 1999 Kargil Conflict: Kargil facts). Kashmir: What was liberated in 1948? What remains?

The idea of becoming subservient to India is abhorrent and that of cooperation with India, with the object of promoting tension with China, equally repugnant.” Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

On June 3, 1947, under the pressure of the All India Muslim League, the British government announced transfer of power, subject to the appointment of Boundary Commissions. This was to evaluate and award the decision concerning division of the province of Punjab and the province of Bengal between Pakistan and Bharat. In a way, the Muslim majority districts (tehsils) would form part of Pakistan and non-Muslim areas part of Bharat. English lawyer Sir Radcliffe headed the Commissions along with the nominated members of the Muslim League and the Congress to evaluate the claim of both Muslims and Hindus.

The two commissions, one for Punjab and the other for Bengal along with their members from the Muslim League and the Congress held sessions to determine the fate of the following districts. The district of Gurdaspur had four tehsils out of which tehsil Shakargarh, Batala, Gurdaspur Muslim majority population and should have been awarded to Pakistan and Pathankot which was a Muslim non-majority area should have been given to Bharat. However, Radcliffe keeping justice aside awarded only one tehsil of Shakargarh to Pakistan. The remaining three tehsils Gurdaspur, Batala and Pathankot were awarded to Bharat. Similarly, the Muslim majority tehsils of Ajnala, Jullundur and Firozpur were also awarded to Bharat. As a result of this the land route access to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was given to Bharat. However, the fate of Kashmir would have been different than that of today had the partition been based on the principles of justice and equity.

As stated earlier Sir Radcliffe, who headed the Boundary Commissions also ignored the ground realities requiring just solutions to the problem of Kashmir.

The Radcliffe award favoured Bharat by providing an access to Kashmir through the land route from the tehsils of Batala and Gurdaspur. Both of the Muslim majority tehsils were denied their right to be part of Pakistan.In October 1947, Kashmir acceded to Bharat without the knowledge of Pakistan. At this point, Indian forces moved into the state of Jammu and Kashmir. However, the forces of Azad Kashmir backed by Pakistan resisted the accession of Kashmir to India. At this stage, the it was difficult for Bharat to hold on to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Therefore, at the first available opportunity, Bharat made a complaint against Pakistan to the United Nations in January 1949. Resultantly, both the countries agreed to follow the UN resolution and adopted a ceasefire on the line of control. Finally, the UN passed a resolution in January 1949 to conduct a free and impartial plebiscite under its supervision. However, till to-date, the plebiscite could not take place. Furthermore Bharat refuses to hold any arbitration or mediation and even refuses to talk on the matter of Kashmir which is a disputed territory. The United Nations and other world powers have to take a serious view of the situation to resolve the issue on a priority bases to avoid unnecessary nuclear confrontation in the region. Keeping in view, the overall stated facts, give reasons and suggestions how to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner.

The uncertain situation created by the last Viceroy, about the partition of British India and uncertain division of the provinces of Punjab, Bengal and Assam came as a surprise, which created a sense of fear and insecurity among the local population. The border of Pakistan and India had yet to be determined and the fate of the population particularly living in undivided Punjab, Bengal and Assam was uncertain. It remained a dilemma how; when and where the dividing line will pass across the continent. These anxious movements of uncertainty charged the atmosphere to its peak for the Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs.

Partition became inevitable. Rumours were strong enough to believe the unbelievable. This chaotic situation was the result of advancing the date of independence from June 3, 1948 to August 14, 1947, not announcing boundary award prior to August 15, 1947, not compelling Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru to honour the pledge to hold plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir and ignoring the wrong interpretation of Radcliffe. This created big confusion as both the nations — the Muslims and Hindus — did not know the vital components of their frontiers. A holocaust was created by Lord Mountbatten the last viceroy of the colonized India resulting in the murder of 10 lakh people and uprooted around two crores of them at the time of partition. Discuss how the well established British administration failed to maintain law and order, safety and security of the local population. Fortune Geographic Society, Pakistan.

The Kalabagh Dam in also linked to the Radcliff Boundry Commission which awarded Muslim majority areas of the Punjab to India–and hence allowed Indian troops access to Kashmir.