Pakistan’s Year round Arctic Station: Muhamad Ali Jinnah …. 70.24 S 25.45 E Reine Mary Coast
http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html#Pakistan 

An excerpt of this article was plagerized and posted on Pakistani bloggers by Mr. Riaz Haq without giving credit to this site. 

The Pakistani establishment recognises the importance of maintaining a research station on Antartica. Pakistani scientists can learn a lot from Antartica about Pakistan and Kashmir. Presence in Antartica is important for nations of the world because it contains tremendous potential for oil and other minerals. India used its presence in Antartica to train her soldiers for the occupation of Siachin. 

How many Pakistanis want to grow up to be scientists in Antarctica? This site will update the information on the Jinnah Arctic Station.

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It was established in 1981 through a Government Resolution to conduct multidisciplinary research in oceanography in the coastal and offshore areas of Pakistan (EEZ 24,000 km²). The institute has 30 qualified marine scientists working on ocean biology/productivity, marine chemistry and environment, physical oceanography/coastal hydraulics, marine geology and geophysics. 

National Institute of Oceanography
S.T. 47, Block-1Clifton
Karachi – 75600

niopk@cubexs.net.pk (requests for more information were not responded to)

Pakistan’s National Institute of Oceanography maintains one station in Antarctica. It defines its own mission as “The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is located in Karachi. It was established in 1981 by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Pakistan (MoST). The main area of research of the Institute is the north Arabian Sea and beyond. The oceanic and atmospheric processes of the north Arabian Sea modify our climate, offer numerous living and non-living resources, Oceanographic research brings together all the scientific disciplines needed to study the ocean“ 

The NIO does not list the Antarctica mission as a “current project”. Under scope of services “Tidal Energy” and exploration of Ran of Kuch area is not listed.

The person in charge (http://www.niopk.gov.pk/list_per.html) is listed as:

DR. M. M. RABBANI, Director General
Ph.D. in Biological Oceanography, Institute of Oceanography, University of Kiel, Germany
Diploma in Biological Oceanography, University of Kiel, Germany, M.Sc. in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Area of interest: Marine Ecology, Polar Biology.

BACKGROUND ABOUT ANTARCTICA: The Antarctic Treaty System is the whole complex of arrangements made for the purpose of regulating relations among states in the Antarctic. At its heart is the Antarctic Treaty itself. The original Parties to the Treaty were the 12 nations active in the Antarctic during the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58. The Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961. The Consultative Parties comprise the original Parties and a further fourteen States that have become Consultative Parties by acceding to the Treaty and demonstrating their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there.

The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 (http://www.ats.aq/). The treaty set aside the entire continent for peaceful scientific use only and outlines coexistence on the continent.

Currently, there are 46 treaty member nations (http://www.scar.org/treaty/signatories.html): 28 consultative and 18 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory. The 21 non-claimant nations either do not recognize the claims of others, or have not stated their positions. 

SCAR, the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, is a committee of ICSU , the International Council for Science, and it is charged with the initiation, promotion and co-ordination of scientific research in Antarctica. SCAR also provides international, independent scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty system.

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Scott Polar Research Institute
Lensfield Road
Cambridge
CB2 1ER
United Kingdom

Tel:
Fax:
E-mail: info@scar.org

There is a National Committee of Associate Members (http://www.scar.org/about/officers/associatemembers/). Pakistan is an Associate Member of SCAR.

The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth’s only continent without a native human population. For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of the southern 60th parallel. The treaty has now been signed by 46 countries, including the now-defunct Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.

Since 1961, 39 countries, including the seven original claimants to portions of Antarctica, have become signatories to the Antarctica treaty. The Treaty declares that all claims will be held in abeyance for the term of the Treaty. The Treaty does not allow any new territorial claims to be submitted.

Pakistan is an Associate member of the SCAR, and maintains the Jinnah Station in Antarctica through the NIE (National Institute of Oceanography).

India signed the treaty in 1983. The Indian Department of Ocean Development coordinates executes the national Antarctic programme and maintains an all year round station at Maitri Antarctica (70045′S, 11044′E).

The Antarctic Treaty bans any military activity in the defined area and prohibits nuclear testing. It limits national programmes to those of scientific research and ensures the free exchange of information and scientists among countries. Inspection rights are granted to the facilities and operations of other countries with a presence on the continent. Provisions are made to have an open skies regime, enabling aerial observation at any time over any and all areas of the Antarctic by any of the Contracting Parties that have the right to designate observers. Regular consultative meetings of the signatory states are held and disputes are resolved by peaceful negotiation including use of the International Court of Justice.

Currently 25 nations maintain a full-time presence on the continent. The treaty has been in force for 37 years and represents an accomplishments of international cooperation. Research in the Antarctic is pursued in many of the scientific disciplines suggested for the Siachen Science Centre. In the case of astronomy, for example, the Advanced Telescope Project (ATP) and South Pole Infrared Explorer (SPIREX) project collect information on the astronomical qualities of the region and study faint stars and galaxies.

The Treaty under Article XIII says that”It shall be open for accession by any State which is a Member of the United Nations, or by any other State which may be invited to accede to the Treaty with the consent of all the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX of the Treaty.”

Arctic Nations Heighten Military Presence As Row Continues Over Sea Lanes, Oil Reserves
January 16, 2008 4:45 p.m. EST

Jupiter Kalambakal – AHN News Writer
London, England (AHN) – Five countries in the northern hemisphere continue to increase their military presence in the Arctic Circle as territorial disputes turn colder. The United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia are scrambling to establish solid, legal claims over the Arctic’s unexploited energy resources and exert control over its waterways and sea lanes.

According to Jane’s Defense Weekly, Arctic powers are expanding their military and civilian footprints in the region. Canada, Russia and the U.S. are investing in Arctic research, surveillance and combat assets and are boosting their operations to include more military exercises, over-flights and exploration missions using icebreakers.

Forces operating in the Arctic region are exploring the full range of military capabilities, since there is no ban on weapons in the Arctic as there is in Antarctica.

As the price of crude oil continues to rise, so too does the feasibility and economic viability of searching for and pumping oil from such remote locations. “Thanks to global warming, the ocean may turn into a new economic frontier,” Robert Wade, a professor of political economy at the London School of Economics told the Financial Times.

Scientists believe that as much as 30 percent of the world’s untapped oil reserves lay beneath the Arctic Ocean. According to Wood MacKenzie, an American energy research firm, a full 233 billion barrels of oil are known to exist in the region, while another 166 billion barrels might also lie beneath the ice.

Shipping lanes and trade are also an increasingly important topic among Arctic experts. The Arctic Council, the official circumpolar body composed of the five Arctic states plus Iceland, Sweden and Finland, wrote in 2003 that “a circumpolar sea route encompassing both the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Sea Route is finally in prospect as a consequence of global warming.”

“If realized, the opening of the Arctic Sea routes could transform the maritime transportation system of the world,” the forum said.

Wade said that opening a northern route through the Arctic’s waterways is attractive for both distance and security reasons. Sea trade between Europe and Asia via the north-east sea route across the top of Russia is almost 1,000 miles shorter than via the Suez Canal in Egypt.

However, no country has clear legal authority over maritime transport traffic and security in the Arctic. As the opportunities continue to grow, difficult legal and environmental problems loom. Most of the Arctic states say that there should be a right of uninterrupted passage across the ocean.

Russia’s new research station in Arctic to open in late Sept. 

20/08/2007 18:31 ST. PETERSBURG, August 20 (RIA Novosti) – Russia’s new drifting research station in the Arctic will begin working in late September, the press spokesman of the Artic and Antarctic Research Institute said Monday.

The North Pole 35 station being set up with the help of the Akademik Fedorov research vessel and the nuclear icebreaker Rossiya, which brought mini-submarines to the pole for the first ever dive to the seabed earlier in August, will conduct research in the area for one year and replace the previous station.

Sergei Balyasnikov said about 20 Russian and German scientists will conduct geological and ornithological research on an ice floe in the East Siberian Sea located between the Arctic Cape in the north and Siberia’s coast in the south.

In early August, Russian researchers descended 4,200 meters (14,000 feet) below the Pole in two submersibles to gather scientific evidence to bolster the country’s claim to a vast swathe of extra Arctic territory and planted a titanium Russian flag on the seafloor. The mission attracted criticism from rival Arctic nations.

Under international law, the five Arctic Circle countries – the U.S., Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia – each have a 322-kilometer (200-mile) economic zone in the Arctic Ocean at the moment.

The Antarctic Treaty

The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. The Treaty entered into force on 23 June 1961; the 12 signatories became the original 12 consultative nations.

As of May 2000, 16 additional nations (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, India, Italy, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Republic of Korea, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, and Uruguay) have achieved consultative status by acceding to the Treaty and by conducting substantial scientific research in Antarctica. Russia carries forward the signatory privileges and responsibilities established by the former Soviet Union.

Another 18 nations have acceded to the Antarctic Treaty: Austria, Belarus, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovak Republic, Switzerland, Turkey, and Venezuela. These nations agree to abide by the treaty and may attend consultative meetings as observers.

The 46 Antarctic Treaty nations represent about two-thirds of the world’s human population.

Consultative meetings have been held approximately every other year since the treaty entered into force, but since 1993 they have been held more frequently. Each meeting has generated recommendations regarding operation of the treaty that, when ratified by the participating governments, become binding on the parties to the treaty.

Additional meetings within the Antarctic Treaty system have produced agreements on conservation of seals, conservation of living resources, and comprehensive environmental protection. For detailed information about the Treaty System, please visit the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat web site at http://www.ats.aq/.

What follows is the complete text of the Antarctic Treaty. The headings for each article were added by the National Science Foundation and are unofficial.

[preamble]

The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, the French Republic, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Union of South Africa, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America,

Recognizing that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord;

Acknowledging the substantial contributions to scientific knowledge resulting from international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica;

Convinced that the establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind;

Convinced also that a treaty ensuring the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only and the continuance of international harmony in Antarctica will further the purposes and principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

[Antarctica for peaceful purposes only]

1. Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. There shall be prohibited, inter alia, any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, as well as the testing of any type of weapons.

2. The present Treaty shall not prevent the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes.

Article II

[freedom of scientific investigation to continue]

Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation toward that end, as applied during the International Geophysical Year, shall continue, subject to the provisions of the present Treaty.

Article III

[plans and results to be exchanged]

1. In order to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica, as provided for in Article II of the present Treaty, the Contracting Parties agree that, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable:

(a) information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica shall be exchanged to permit maximum economy and efficiency of operations;

(b) scientific personnel shall be exchanged in Antarctica between expeditions and stations;

(c) scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available.

2. In implementing this Article, every encouragement shall be given to the establishment of cooperative working relations with those Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and other international organizations having a scientific or technical interest in Antarctica.

Article IV

[territorial claims]

1. Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as:

(a) a renunciation by any Contracting Party of previously asserted rights of or claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica;

(b) a renunciation or diminution by any Contracting Party of any basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica which it may have whether as a result of its activities or those of its nationals in Antarctica, or otherwise;

(c) prejudicing the position of any Contracting Party as regards its recognition or nonrecognition of any other State’s right of or claim or basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica.

2. No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force.

Article V

[nuclear explosions prohibited]

1. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited.

2. In the event of the conclusion of international agreements concerning the use of nuclear energy, including nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material, to which all of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX are parties, the rules established under such agreements shall apply in Antarctica.

Article VI

[area covered by Treaty]

The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60o South latitude, including all ice shelves, but nothing in the present Treaty shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights, of any State under international law with regard to the high seas within that area.

Article VII

[free access for observation and inspection]

1. In order to promote the objectives and ensure the observation of the provisions of the present Treaty, each Contracting Party whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings referred to in Article IX of the Treaty shall have the right to designate observers to carry out any inspection provided for by the present Article. Observers shall be nationals of the Contracting Parties which designate them. The names of the observers shall be communicated to every other Contracting Party having the right to designate observers, and like notice shall be given of the termination of their appointment.

2. Each observer designated in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall have complete freedom of access at any time to any or all areas of Antarctica.

3. All areas of Antarctica, including all stations, installations and equipment within those areas, and all ships and aircraft at points of discharging or embarking cargoes or personnel in Antarctica, shall be open at all times to inspection by any observers designated in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article.

4. Aerial observation may be carried out at any time over any or all areas of Antarctica by any of the Contracting Parties having the right to designate observers.

5. Each Contracting Party shall, at the time when the present Treaty enters into force for it, inform the other Contracting Parties, and thereafter shall give them notice in advance, of

(a) all expeditions to and within Antarctica, on the part of its ships of nationals, and all expeditions to Antarctica organized in or proceeding from its territory;

(b) all stations in Antarctica occupied by its nationals; and

(c) any military personnel or equipment intended to be introduced by it into Antarctica subject to the conditions prescribed in paragraph 2 of Article I of the present Treaty.

Article VIII

[personnel under jurisdiction of their own states]

1. In order to facilitate the exercise of their functions under the present Treaty, and without prejudice to the respective positions of the Contracting Parties relating to jurisdiction over all other persons in Antarctica, observers designated under paragraph 1 of Article VII and scientific personnel exchanged under subparagraph 1(b) of Article III of the Treaty, and members of the staffs accompanying any such persons, shall be subject only to the jurisdiction of the Contracting Party of which they are nationals in respect to all acts or omissions occurring while they are in Antarctica for the purpose of exercising their functions.

2. Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, and pending the adoption of measures in pursuance of subparagraph 1(e) of Article IX, the Contracting Parties concerned in any case of dispute with regard to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica shall immediately consult together with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable solution.

Article IX

[Treaty states to meet periodically]

1. Representatives of the Contracting Parties named in the preamble to the present Treaty shall meet at the City of Canberra within two months after date of entry into force of the Treaty, and thereafter at suitable intervals and places, for the purpose of exchanging information, consulting together on matters of common interest pertaining to Antarctica, and formulating and considering, and recommending to their Governments, measures in furtherance of the principles and objectives of the Treaty including measures regarding:

(a) use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only;

(b) facilitation of scientific research in Antarctica;

(c) facilitation of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica;

(d) facilitation of the exercise of the rights of inspection provided for in Article VII of the Treaty;

(e) questions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica;

(f) preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica.

2. Each Contracting Party which has become a party to the present Treaty by accession under Article XIII shall be entitled to appoint representatives to participate in the meetings referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Article, during such time as the Contracting Party demonstrates its interest in Antarctica by conducting substantial scientific research activity there, such as the establishment of a scientific station or the dispatch of a scientific expedition.

3. Reports from the observers referred to in Article VII of the present Treaty shall be transmitted to the representatives of the Contracting Parties participating in the meetings referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Article.

4. The measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall become effective when approved by all the Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meetings held to consider those measures.

5. Any or all of the rights established in the present Treaty may be exercised as from the date of entry into force of the Treaty whether or not any measures facilitating the exercise of such rights have been proposed, considered or approved as provided in this Article.

Article X

[discourages activities contrary to Treaty]

Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes to exert appropriate efforts, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to the end that no one engages in any activity in Antarctica contrary to the principles or purposes of the present Treaty.

Article XI

[settlement of disputes]

1. If any dispute arises between two or more of the Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, those Contracting Parties shall consult among themselves with a view to having the dispute resolved by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice.

2. Any dispute of this character not so resolved shall, with the consent, in each case, of all parties to the dispute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for settlement; but failure to reach agreement on reference to the International Court shall not absolve parties to the dispute from the responsibility of continuing to seek to resolve it by any of the various peaceful means referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.

Article XII

[review of Treaty possible after 30 years]

1. (a) The present Treaty may be modified or amended at any time by unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX. Any such modification or amendment shall enter into force when the depositary Government has received notice from all such Contracting Parties that they have ratified it.

(b) Such modification or amendment shall thereafter enter into force as to any other Contracting Party when notice of ratification by it has been received by the depositary Government. Any such Contracting Party from which no notice of ratification is received within a period of two years from the date of entry into force of the modification or amendment in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph 1(a) of this Article shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the present Treaty on the date of the expiration of such period.

2. (a) If after the expiration of thirty years from the date of entry into force of the present Treaty, any of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX so requests by a communication addressed to the depositary Government, a Conference of all the Contracting Parties shall be held as soon as practicable to review the operation of the Treaty.

(b) Any modification or amendment to the present Treaty which is approved at such a Conference by a majority of the Contracting Parties there represented, including a majority of those whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX, shall be communicated by the depositary Government to all the Contracting Parties immediately after the termination of the Conference and shall enter into force in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of the present Article.

(c) If any such modification or amendment has not entered into force in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph 1(a) of this Article within a period of two years after the date of its communication to all the Contracting Parties, any Contracting Party may at any time after the expiration of that period give notice to the depositary Government of its withdrawal from the present Treaty; and such withdrawal shall take effect two years after the receipt of the notice by the depositary Government.

Article XIII

[ratification and accession]

1. The present Treaty shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. It shall be open for accession by any State which is a Member of the United Nations, or by any other State which may be invited to accede to the Treaty with the consent of all the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX of the Treaty.

2. Ratification of or accession to the present Treaty shall be effected by each State in accordance with its constitutional processes.

3. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, hereby designated as the depositary Government.

4. The depositary Government shall inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession, and the date of entry into force of the Treaty and of any modification or amendment thereto.

5. Upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by all the signatory States, the present Treaty shall enter into force for those States and for States which have deposited instruments of accession. Thereafter the Treaty shall enter into force for any acceding State upon the deposit of its instrument of accession.

6. The present Treaty shall be registered by the depositary Government pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

Article XIV

[United States is repository]

The present Treaty, done in the English, French, Russian, and Spanish languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America, which shall transmit duly certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.

In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, duly authorized, have signed the present Treaty.

Done at Washington the first day of December, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine.

For Argentina:

Adolfo Seilingo
F. Bello

For Australia:

Howard Beale
For Belgium:
Obert de Thieusies

For Chile:

Marcial Mora M.
L. Gajardo V.
Julio Escudero

For the French Republic:

Pierre Charpentier

For Japan:

Koichiro Asakai
T. Shimoda

For New Zealand:

G.D.L. White

For Norway:

Paul Koht

For the Union of South Africa:

Wentzel C. du Plessis

For the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics:

V. Kuznetsov

For the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:

Harold Caccia

For the United States of America:

Herman Phleger
Paul C. Daniels

THE ANTARCTIC TREATY
Country Date of
Signature Date of
Deposit of
Ratification Date of
Deposit of
Accession
Argentina 12/01/59 06/23/61 ——–
Australia 12/01/59 06/23/61 ——–
Austria ——– ——– 08/25/87
Belgium 12/01/59 07/26/60 ——–
Brazil ——– ——– 05/16/75
Bulgaria ——– ——– 09/11/78
Chile 12/01/59 06/23/61 ——–
China ——– ——– 06/08/83
Cuba ——– ——– 08/16/84
Czechoslovakia ——– ——– 06/14/62
Denmark ——– ——– 05/20/65
Ecuador ——– ——– 09/15/87
Finland ——– ——– 05/15/84
France 12/01/59 09/16/60 ——–
German Democratic
Republic ——– ——– 11/19/74
Germany, Federal
Republic of ——– ——– 02/05/79
Greece ——– ——– 01/08/87
Hungary ——– ——– 01/27/84
India ——– ——– 08/19/83
Italy ——– ——– 03/18/81
Japan 12/01/59 08/04/60 ——–
Korea, Democratic
Peoples Republic of ——– ——– 01/21/87
Korea, Republic of ——– ——– 11/28/86
Netherlands ——– ——– 03/30/67
New Zealand 12/01/59 11/01/60 ——–
Norway 12/01/59 08/24/60 ——–
Papua New Guinea ——– ——– 03/16/81
Peru ——– ——– 04/10/81
Poland ——– ——– 06/08/61
Romania ——– ——– 09/15/71
South Africa 12/01/59 06/21/60 ——–
Spain ——– ——– 03/31/82
Sweden ——– ——– 04/24/84
Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics 12/01/59 11/02/60 ——–
United Kingdom 12/01/59 05/31/60 ——–
United States 12/01/59 08/18/60 ——–
Uruguay ——– ——– 01/11/80
Total 12 12 25

PC-1

STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY, PAKISTAN:

OCEAN TECHNOLOGY, COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT AND REMOTE SENSING

 (Revised February, 2005)

National Institute of Oceanography

ST-47, Block-1, Clifton, Karachi

Phone: 9251172-78

Fax: 9251179

E-mail: niopk@cubexs.net.pk

Web: http://www.niopk.gov.pk/

PART A

Project Digest

1.         NAME OF PROJECT:

Strengthening of National Institute of Oceanography, Pakistan: Ocean Technology, Coastal Zone Management and Remote Sensing

2.         AUTHORITIES RESPONSIBLE FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE: 

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Karachi under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Govt. of Pakistan.

i)          Sponsoring Agency.

Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST), Government of Pakistan.

ii)         Executing Agency.

National Institute of Oceanography  (NIO), Karachi

3.         TIME REQUIRED FOR COMPLETION OF PROJECT:              

Two Years (24 months)

4.         (A)       PLAN PROVISION:

•(i)                 If the Project is included in the current five-year, plans specify actual allocation.

Yes, an initial allocation of Rs 1.0 billion for the Development of Oceanic resources in the 9^th Five year plan.

The Ministry of Science and Technology has been allocated Rs.5 billion through NCST for strengthening the selected R&D institutions of the country and NIO has been included for revamping. Accordingly, the present document (PC-1) is being submitted for strengthening of NIO to meet the urgent demands for upgrading to its desired level of expertise including improved R&D facilities and trained manpower to meet the challenging task of exploration and exploitation of marine resources in our EEZ. 

• ii) If not included in the current plan, how is it now proposed to be accommodated (inter/intra‑sect oral adjustments in allocation or other resources may be indicated.

N/A                   

           iii)         If the project is proposed to be financed out of block provision for a programme; indicate:

‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑‑———————————-

Total block provision Amount already          Amount propose            Balance                                           committed for this                                Available

   project                                

Rs.5.0 billion (For Science & Technology)                                    

4.        (B)       IF PROJECT IS NOT IN THE PLAN: WHAT WARRANTS FOR ITS INCLUSION.

Not Applicable.

5.         RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROJECT WITH THE OBJECTIVES OF THE SECTOR: INDICATE THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE PROJECT, QUANTIFIED IF POSSIBLE, TO THE TARGETS IN THE FIVE YEAR PLAN, AND THE NAMES OF OTHER PROJECTS (WHETHER SANCTIONED OR UNDER PREPARATION) WHICH WOULD FORM PART OF INTEGRATED PROGRAMME WITHIN THE SECTOR.

The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) was established in June 1981 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Government of Pakistan. It is the pivotal research organization for multidisciplinary ocean related science and technology in the country.  Its major tasks are to undertake mission-oriented research and development programmes for the exploration, exploitation, utilization and management of marine resources and to provide guidelines to develop a viable national ocean policy. NIO’s programmes are mainly based on research/exploration surveys of the seas, within and beyond EEZ of Pakistan, especially for geological resource mapping/assessment, ocean environment, marine fisheries, aquaculture, coastal zone management, port and Harbour development etc.

NIO has continued to develop an indigenous infrastructure, in both expertise and facilities, to conduct applied and meaningful research in major discipline of oceanography in spite of severe financial constraints and inadequate facilities/resources. The nucleus of NIO was established in 1981 by the government and it has now grown to a reasonable level. It is now imperative to upgrade and strengthen the R&D capacities of NIO to make it at par with regional and international R&D institute of marine sciences. It is therefore essential to revamp existing NIO to enable it to undertake diversified goal-oriented multi-facet oceanographic research/exploration to pursue its chartered objectives and fulfill its responsibilities much more effectively, efficiently and ambitiously on systematic and sustainable basis to ultimately contribute to the national economy and interests. There are a number of pressing reasons and needs for an adequate and consolidated investment in ocean research to gain both long-term and short-term economic and strategic benefits for the country. The existing infrastructure of National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) the only marine R&D organization of the country needs to be strengthening to keep the pace of development in this sector. Since the establishment of NIO in 1981, the ocean sciences and technology has made a dramatic progress.  The new avenues of resources, environment, global climate and increased sea trade demand investment to cater the future needs and get the due share from the marine economy expected to accrue from the extension of exclusive economic zone and the continental Shelf.

This project would lead towards achieving the competency and self-sufficiency/reliance in marine research/exploration and technology, which is the most vital element required to serve and protect the national interests and to obtain maximum possible scientific and economical benefits. The proposed programme of strengthening NIO will have immense potential to cater the needs and interests of the maritime industry almost in every aspect – from exploration surveys to site/route investigations/evaluation/selection, as well as environmental assessment, monitoring etc. The sectors such as energy (renewable and non-renewable), minerals, offshore engineering and environment in particular and other related sectors/activities in general are envisaged to be benefited to relatively greater extent. The following are the maritime sectors that will benefit by strengthening of NIO.

• 1. Power generation from renewable marine resources
• 2. Ocean climate/weather Prediction
• 3. Hydrographic Surveys
• 4. Marine environmental and pollution studies.
• 5. Pollution monitoring and control.
• 6. Remote sensing of oceanic conditions.
• 7. Port / Harbour development and shipping.
• 8. Offshore engineering industry.
• 9. Marine education.
• 10. International maritime laws, rules and conventions and the rights and obligations that evolve from them.
• 11. Coastal Tourism and Industry
• 12. Desalination of sea water for domestic and industrial purposes (uses)

6.         CAPITAL COST

Local                                                     29.51   (Million Rupees)

Foreign Exchange component           1.95   (Million Rupees)

Total :                                                  31.46   (Million Rupees)

7.         ANNUAL RECURRING EXPENDITURE AFTER COMPLETION:

Local                                                   10.50   (Million Rupees)

Foreign Exchange component         0.85   (Million Rupees)

Total :                                                11.35   (Million Rupees)

8          OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT PREFERABLY IN QUANTITATIVE TERMS

• a. To strengthen the existing and the addition of new sub-disciplines of oceanographic and coastal research such as ocean technology, coastal zone management, marine meteorology, ocean climate, remote sensing, satellite oceanography, marine environment and pollution and to support economic activities in the coastal and marine areas of the country;

• b. To enhance capabilities of NIO to collect oceanographic information and data about Pakistan’s maritime zones in a centralized place (NODC) in order to provide necessary data to the Government and ocean related institutions & agencies for development of planned programmes of activity aimed at optimum utilization of both renewable and non-renewable marine resources;

• c. To develop necessary manpower and expertise in specified disciplines of ocean sciences in Pakistan.

• d. To serve as national center for advice on transfer of marine technology & sustainable development of coastal zone in the country on the different technological aspects of marine resources development and their utilization for the economic development of Pakistan.

• e. To establish a sound and reliable marine scientific data inventory and a data-base essential for systematic exploration and rational exploitation and management of coastal resources as well as for realistic monitoring, assessment and protection of marine environment.

• f. To provide suitable marine research facilities and services for national/ regional/international organizations as well as marine industry / market in the country;

• g. To exploit maximum benefits from the provisions of the Law of the Sea and to fulfill the obligations/responsibilities effectively under the UNCLOS and other international maritime conventions and treaty to which Pakistan is a signatory.

Prepared by:          

Checked and Approved by:

Dr. M. M. Rabbani

Director General, NIO             

PART‑B

9.         Location of Project: Give Name of Place and Administrative Districts in Which the Research Institute/Center will be Selected.

The NIO is based at Clifton, Karachi (South) but the working area for the project will be the entire coastal and marine areas of Pakistan and beyond.

10.       Existing Facilities: Give Information About The Organization Doing Similar Research Work At Present. Indicate Their Staff, Budget For The Last Five Years And Their Output In Terms Of Number Of Studies Etc.  Mention If There Is Any Organization To Ensure Coordination Of Work Done By Different Research Institutes

The National Institute of Oceanography under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of Pakistan is the only organization in the country, which has been entrusted to conduct multidisciplinary and mission-oriented oceanographic research and survey in oceanography.  Presently, the institute provides limited basic capabilities and nucleus of infrastructure in oceanography, which needs up gradation for further progress and development. It has always been committed and engaged in applied research and development in this field with in its limited resources and facilities. After 20 years of its establishment, up gradation and capacity building through institutional strengthening is imminent for conducting   desired mission-oriented, multifaceted and integrated marine research/ exploration and development.

            In concurrently and prior to the establishment of NIO in 1981 the following organizations have collected some specific data from the coastline and coastal waters as  suited to their particular needs but none has attempted to cover the subject as required in oceanographic research under physical, chemical, geological oceanic and coastal processes for their understanding and application to Coastal Resource Protection, Conservation of oceanic / coastal resources, solution to the coastal Engineering problems and for development and broadening the base of coastal economy:

            Hydrograph Department of Pakistan Navy – (Charting, Maps and Hydrography)’

            SUPARCO – (Collection of data through Satellite imagery)

            Karachi Port Trust -  (Hydrography and Siltation of Navigational Channel);

Port Qasim Authority – (Hydrography and Siltation of Navigational Channel);

Gwadar Fish Harbour and Miniport – (Siltation of Navigational Channel);

Pasni Fish Harbour Authority – (Siltation of Navigational Channel);

Karachi Development Authority – (Environmental data for Beach Development);

Karachi Water and Sewerage Board – (Disposal of sewage through Sea out-falls)

Coastal Power Stations and Coastal Installations -  (Tides and Met Data);

Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi – (Education, Biological data);

Marine Reference and Resource Center, University of Karachi – (Education, Taxonomy);

Marine Fisheries Department – (Fisheries management / statistics and fish stock);

Dept. of Forestry, Fisheries & Livestock, Govt. of Sindh-(Mangroves & Fisheries);

Dept. of Forestry/Fisheries/Livestock, Govt. of Balochistan -(Mangroves, Fisheries);

WAPDA – (Indus Discharge; Water movement, Siltation at Tidal Link Drain, LBOD).

The multidisciplinary aspects and extensive area coverage required in ocean science disciplines are beyond the scope of a single organization. In respect of marine research, provision of necessary advice and collaboration with Government and other national agencies engaged in maritime activities has been assigned to the NIO vide Para 3 of Resolution at Annexure-I. The Institute would thus coordinate all R&D activities in Oceanography at the National level.

11.       DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: 

(a)       Give brief history, proposed facilities and justification of project.  Indicate the basis for selecting the area of research and justify the priority that should be given to the area.  Indicate the benefit of research to the sector and the economy.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was adopted in December, 1982 and came into force on 16 November, 1994, allows a coastal State to establish its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) maximum up to 200 nautical miles offshore from the base line near the coast. Within the EEZ the Coastal State has sovereign rights of exploration and exploitation of natural resources and conduct of marine research.  Moreover, according to UNCLOS, a nation can extend its Continental Shelf from 200 nautical miles (NM) to 350 NM provided it can scientifically and technically prove, as per UNCLOS requirements, that the landmass of the coastal state extends underwater up to that distance and lay the claim to the United Nations.  If a country is unable to do so, the possible additional area beyond EEZ may become available to other coastal countries of adjacent EEZ, provided they prove their claim to the United Nations.  The ever rising economical and social demands along with depleting land resources will make the EEZ an indispensable frontier for resource exploration and exploitation in the 21st century. Most of the coastal nations, under the UNCLOS, have started focusing attention and initiating efforts and programmes while some have already been working, on the exploiting of the Ocean resources available in their EEZ.

Pakistan is one of the first maritime countries in the region to exploit provisions of the law of the sea. This also enables us to claim a Continental Shelf beyond 200 NM but would also rescind any adverse economical and political consequences on the country. The EEZ of Pakistan encompasses an area of approximately 240,000 Sq. km.  This area consists of three distinct and diversified geological regions namely, a) Indus offshore on passive continental margin, b) Makran offshore with active continental margin and c) Murray Ridge. The current scientific knowledge about our EEZ is either absent / inadequate or limited in general, especially from the resource point of view, as no serious attention has been paid so far in this respect. The available data/information, mainly collected by International organizations, is however, generally indicative of potentially productive waters and promising geological framework,  structures, features and processes  favorable for immense natural resource potential  such as petroleum, minerals, fisheries etc. in the EEZ of Pakistan.  Indus and Makran offshore appear more promising for hydrocarbon potential while the Murray Ridge is envisaged to bear metallic minerals.  Makran shelf area is also likely to contain placer / heavy mineral deposits. The recent collaborative marine research programme between Pakistan and Germany conducted extensive reconnoiter geophysical and geological surveys in Pakistan offshore which are expected to provide better and deep insight about the prevailing process and conditions which will have significant bearing on our non-living natural resources.  Gas hydrates are one of such resources of the future, which appears to be very promising in occurrence in the Makran offshore.

With in the EEZ of Pakistan, Pakistan is now required to fulfill its national and international obligations as a coastal state. Pakistan has been unable in the past to explore and exploit adequately the resources of the sea available to it. A number of Pakistani scientists with high and proven capability in marine sciences are working abroad but are not attracted at home because of lack of a comprehensive oceanographic research facilities. Other countries have been exploring and exploiting the living resources within our EEZ. The international experts and agencies employed in the past to survey and assess the natural resources of some of our area have lead up some interesting findings.  Pakistani Scientists are dependent  on foreign agencies and experts for  fundamental data . Amongst many such examples geophysical studies for off shore oil and gas resources identification of Gas hydrates and the construction and coastal engineering aspects of new harbour development etc

Proposed facilities and justification of project

The National Institute of Oceanography under the Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of Pakistan was established in two Phases. In April 1981 Phase I “Establishment of a National Institute of Oceanography” was approved. Phase-I was intended to serve as a base for training of necessary manpower, acquiring experience to work in the marine environment, acquisition of basic data, procurement of essential instruments and equipment and setting up of minimum shore facilities. The Phase-II for the development/expansion of this project into a full-fledged National Institute of Oceanography was prepared based on the experience gained and results obtained from Phase-I. Accordingly the nucleus of the NIO was established in June 1982. Subsequently the Ministry of Science & Technology resolution No. F.5 (10)/82/ST.V/NIO dated 10^thMay 1982 (see Annexure-I for the establishment of the NIO as an Autonomous body was issued to give the arrangement a regular basis).

There is lapse of about 14 years after the approval of NIO Phase-II. During these year the world has witnessed a rapid progress and new developments in the oceanographic research and in its applications to  coastal resource management, sustainable development of marine based economies and for an integrated coastal zone management. To keep the pace of development and to utilize the potentials of oceanographic research, strengthening of NIO was recommended both by foreign experts and Government agencies in Report No.128, January 1996 of Performance Evaluation Cell, Government of Pakistan, UNDP Project no. Pak/88/054 1990, Peer review committee on ocean resources and aquatic sciences (National Council of Science and Technology) MoST Report (2001) have also recommended to upgrade and strengthen NIO (See Annexure IIa). No proposal was submitted to the Government for the re-furbishing, expansion/up-gradation and strengthening of NIO during these years mostly because of austerity measures and budget constraints with the Ministry of Science and Technology for this purpose. The Ministry of Science and Technology has been allocated Rs 5 billion for strengthening the selected R&D institutions of the country and NIO is a potential organization. The present document (PC-1) for strengthening the NIO has been prepared to meet the urgent demands for upgrading NIO to its desired level of expertise including improved R & D facilities and trained manpower in modern sub-disciplines of ocean sciences and their applications for resource management. So that it can constitute towards national economic growth and development.

In order to re-orient NIO’s R&D programs towards developing national/ local economy by better coastal resource management and sustainable exploitation it is necessary to strengthen its capacity for conducting R&D in the coastal and marine areas of the country. It is proposed to strengthen the existing R&D capabilities of NIO by adding essentially required Research facilities and limited number of trained and qualified manpower in specialized disciplines of Oceanography. The new disciplines and new proposal would require some re-structuring of existing manpower to deliver the results in line with some of the existing R&D organizations in the country.

The main objective of the PC-1 is to strengthen NIO to improve, develop and sharpen its R&D capabilities to give technical advice to national agencies and to conduct R&D projects, which would boost coastal and marine based economic activities in the country. In the process, expansion of R&D facilities that would include extension of the existing building, addition of highly trained manpower and specialized technicians and the up-gradation and addition of essentially required scientists are requisites.

The present PC-1 is prepared to strengthen and upgrade the capabilities of NIO to explore, evaluate, exploit and rationally utilize the natural resources efficiently and effectively with in the EEZ and beyond, and to assess, protect and monitor the environment of the sea and coastal / port / harbour development, an extensive, consolidated and multi-disciplinary marine research and exploration.

These development of NIO are expected to meet the future challenges of the country. Applications for the applied nature of ocean research related to exploration, exploitation and sustainable development of our ocean resources for economical uplift and to fulfill its international obligations as a coastal nation.

The main objectives of the PC-1 are as follows.

• Up gradation of scientific departments with some new disciplines of ocean sciences are proposed to be added to the existing setup at the NIO to address R&D issues in the Oceanographic and Coastal Zone Research.

• Addition of qualified trained scientists and technicians to carry out specialized research and surveys to find the technical solutions to a variety of coastal zone management problems regarding coastal erosion, sedimentation, disposal of sewage and industrial effluents, pollution monitoring, coastal protection, beach nourishment, water exchange, site selection for coastal industries, conservation of biodiversity, power generation from ocean, production of sweet waters from sea, remote sensing application in oceanography, seabed mineral resources etc.

• Addition of positions at NIO to up-grade the status and efficiency at NIO and to streamline the career planning of scientists at NIO.

• Extension of space in the existing building by addition of one floor to cater to the need for additional laboratories, technical workshops and seating arrangements for the new expanded / upgraded Sections/Departments.

It is anticipated that the strengthening of NIO will lead to diverse economic benefits including the following: -

• i. Exploration for sources of energy such as gas hydrates on the ocean floor and technical / commercial feasibility for energy from non conventional sources such as harnessing of energy from Sea Tides, waves, ocean thermal energy, liquid hydrogen from the sea and marine bio-technology, and assistance in the offshore oil and gas beneath the seabed.

• ii. Development of Technology and identification of suitable sites for the production of sweet waters from sea for the domestic and industrial uses.

• iii. Providing technical support to coastal tourism industry

• iv. The exploration of mineral resources of the coastal zone, exclusive economic zone, and deep sea-bed beyond the national jurisdictions as per rights given by the UN-Law of the Sea and its chartered International Sea-bed Authority.

• v. Identify biologically productive areas by exploring and identification of new fishing grounds (both conventional and non conventional) in the coastal waters as per rights given to coastal states by the UN-Law of the Sea.

• vi. Implementation of the concept “Integrated Coastal Zone Management” for the sustainable exploration and exploitation of Marine areas of Pakistan.

• vii. Development of local expertise in the following fields:
• Coastal engineering to help in development of coastal industries, ports, harbors, jetties and to protect coastal structures, installations, beaches from impact of waves, tides and coastal erosion through coastal protection works, etc.
• International Maritime liaison and Law of the Sea

• Bathymetry for oceanographic and hydrographic surveying for coastal engineering and under-water operations.
• Coastal Zone Management for solving coastal resource management and issues relating to coastal marine development projects.
• Climate change: Ocean/atmosphere dynamics (forecasting and prediction)
• Extraction of energy from Tides, waves, current, waves and OTEC;
• Repair, maintenance of Research equipment;
• Enhanced capabilities of NIO to carry out: EIA, EII, EIS and relevant economic expects of the coastal areas.

                        Requirements for Up-gradation of NIO

I.          New Research Disciplines, Laboratories

           (Requirements for Research facilities)

In the existing departments of NIO, the following new fields are being proposed at NIO under the strengthening programme.

New Research Disciplines:

Following disciplines and their relevant laboratories are proposed:

• i. Ocean Technology Research and Development
• ii. Environmental and Coastal Resource Management
• iii. Satellite Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
• iv. International Maritime Liaison and Law of the Sea
• v. Coastal Zone Data and Information Services
• vi. Consulting and Marketing Services

II.         Scientific Personnel

R& D facilities and trained manpower in major disciplines of ocean science  available at NIO are insufficient to meet the ever-increasing needs  in this sector. Considering the vast coastline of 990 km and the vast subject of ocean sciences, ocean and coastal resource management in our EEZ of about 240,000 sq.km and beyond the required R&D work is being looked after by a small number of 33 scientists. An adequate number of trained and skilled manpower is required to pursue oceanographic research and developments for coastal and marine resource management.

To adapt and develop the available technologies for seeking scientific solutions of coastal resource management problems for sustainable development and for improvements in efficiency and outputs, and many other aspects, a sizable team of dedicated scientists of various disciplines, skilled and semi-skilled personnel, including the necessary administrative personnel are required.

The trained manpower in oceanography will enhance the existing institutional capacity to achieve the targets of improved coastal and marine resource management. This will also assist in supporting coastal economies, better environmental conditions and sustainable development leading to enhanced natural productivity.

The number of posts required has been revised in the project. Some of the existing posts have also been revised and new posts proposed for upgrading as given in Part -C (26).

III.        Expansion in the Existing Infrastructure

The Institute is located at Karachi, in its own building along the sea coast in Clifton. One additional floor (3^rdfloor) will be constructed on the same building to cater for the additional space required for accommodating the requirements of the workshops, stores, and upgraded laboratories. The plans are to accommodate the requirement of the central office for Ocean Technology Research and Development, Environmental and Coastal Resource Management, Satellite  Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, International Maritime Liaison and Law of the Sea, Coastal Zone Data & Information Services and Consulting and Marketing Services together with

the special fixture have been prepared along with the cost estimates. The details of the building are shown in Line Plan with the revised required expansion for the construction of third floor on the existing building structure.

IV.       Administration , Finance and Marketing Setup

An efficient administration well versed with the management issues is an essential part of any productive institute. With the strengthening of NIO it is expected that office management and human resources management work would increase manifold. A department with trained and skilled manpower in Administration, Accounts and budgeting and marketing section will be established at NIO.  This section will look after all related matters pertaining to the institute management.

V.        Justification for the Above-Proposed Applied Research of Emerging Marine Sciences and the Relevant Sections are Given in the Following Account

            *  Ocean Technology Research and Development

            Data and information on the development and management of Coastal Zone, Coastal Engineering and Coastal Hydraulics are important components in the planning of coastal area for sustainable use, development of ports and harbours. The national development and utilization of coastal infrastructure will directly contribute towards the economy of the coastline.

            The Coast of Pakistan is influenced by intensive SW Monsoon waves and currents, these high energy waves have an impact on coastal erosion and siltation. The deposition of the silt by River Indus also infracts with the shore processes. The inundation of the coast therefore requires a systematic hydraulic and hydro-dynamic investigation along the coast. Data on waves, tides, currents and littoral transport has to be collected for application in coastal protection, setting up of new ports and harbour, bays, estuaries are needed for investigating the effects of tidal heights and current pattern. The frequent occurrence and determination of the cyclone path and the effects of storm on the coast are to be studied for evaluating shore erosion through numerical models.

            Coast depended activities such as coastal tourism are purely developed. Coastal linked ocean technologies such as ship, building, power plants , desalination plants along the coast, innovative techniques to exploit offshore energy sources such as gas hydrates, hydrocarbons etc have to be developed. Much of the difficulty in developing these facilities seem to arise from lack of scientific information and data on oceanographic parameters. A systematic effort is required for the collection of coastal hydraulics information in order to enhance coast dependent / linked activities such as coastal tourism, development of new ports, fisheries, harbours, ship breaking yards, dry docks and shipyard, coastal dredging etc. If properly developed these activities will generate income and coastal employment for over a million people living in coastal communities.

The general practice in the oceanographic research is to keep standby arrangement for all the sea/field equipment to ensure un-interrupted survey operations. A country like Pakistan cannot afford to keep all the equipment in duplicate. Simultaneously, we cannot afford to lose ship time. Therefore it is imperative to have strong, reliable and well trained technical man power to provide on side as well as onshore maintenance of all the equipment for efficient operation. Almost all of the oceanographic, marine geological and geophysical equipment are very expensive and electronically highly sophisticated. The section will have a workshop to look after the repairs, maintenance and calibration of instruments and equipment and to develop indigenous tools for data collection. Development of instruments suitable for own conditions could help savings.

• * Satellite Oceanography and Marine Meteorology

Pakistan’s coast is affected by a swell of 3 m during S.W. Monsoon. All the coastal engineering problems are directly related to this phenomena and also on many coastal oceanographic parameters such as tides, currents, littoral drift, flash floods etc. This warrants a systematic hydrodynamic and hydraulic investigation all along the coast, which has considerable impact on design study of various marine structures, establishment of coastal industry, intake water system for nuclear plants, and heavy industry and draining into the sea, etc. The coastal morphological conditions, beach profiles, coastal long shore sand transport are directly related to beach stabilization; shoaling of dredged Harbour and sand accumulation in the vicinity of jetties or other coastal and off-shore structure; development of commercial models to determine suitable solutions for siltation, erosion and protection problems.

Renewable energy from ocean can also be harvested for future needs. In Pakistan energy projects from Sea surface winds, waves, Tides and  appear to be feasible. The most attractive of them is Tidal energy in the Indus deltaic region and wave energy from Balochistan Coast. The coastal seas and ocean can provide an unlimited source of clean power generation without any pollution problems and harmful by-products. The  Tidal amplitude along Pakistan coast varies between 3.8 m to 5 m, which can be utilized to harness tidal energy along the coastline. Similarly there are strong water  currents in the creeks (up to 1.5-2 meters /second during ebb tides which can also be harnessed to generate power. It is estimated that there is a potential of  about 1,000 MW electricity in the Indus Deltaic creeks.  The wave energy along the coast can also be utilized for power generation as the modern technology exist to convert the wave energy into electricity at  much reduced cost to make it as an attractive alternative which provides clean energy. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology can also be utilized at a few points along Pakistan coast to generate electricity.  All these aspects need thorough studies, feasibilities and adoption / modification of available technologies to suit to our coastal conditions to yield fruitful and economical applications, which would be studied by the scientists and technicians of this section.

Modern technology of remote sensing in oceanographic studies will be developed in NIO. Practical application of satellite data in fields of fisheries, aqua culture, coastal management, ship traffic control, pollution control, offshore exploration, and daily weather forecast suggest that advance technology must be integrated with conventional observation for monitoring long term Oceanic process.

For relevant satellite data and to develop the required analytical facilities the essential requirement in NIO will be the computer facilities; i.e. hardware as well as the requisite software, plus suitable oceanographers with the required computer background.

The developed facility will not only provide NIO with rapid Information Technology (IT) comprehensive and up to-date information in this discipline reducing time consuming field observation and laboratory analysis of the scientists, but will also be a step in the transfer of technology in this discipline. It will quickly indicate the areas of upwelling for exploitation of fishery resources. The application of remote sensing to oceanography is very different to the conventional ERTS system. Sensors like Scatter meters, fluorometers, Radar Altimeters etc., have been introduced which give oceanographic information of a large area about temperature variation, wave pattern, circulation system, pollution etc.

The direct benefit of using this modern techniques in the field of oceanography are:

• Synoptic, repetitive and continuous coverage will fill a void caused by the logistics and expense associated with conventional oceanographic measurements.

• Information about chlorophyll concentration, temperature, coastal morphology, surface waves for exploring and monitoring ecological conditions of the sea surface, as well as for the assessment, evaluation and management of coastal and marine resources. Modeling of dynamic oceanic and coastal process.

• Tracing of upwelling and Ocean fronts that attracts commercial fish.

• Continuous monitoring of inaccessible coastal sites and monitor changing Environmental conditions, surface pollutants, changing levels of effluents being carried out to Sea, and level of oil spillage or seepage.

• Coastal erosion/shifting of sandbanks on the sea floor through remote sensing.

• * Marine Environment and Coastal Resources Management

Marine environment and coastal resource management is considered an essential requirement for all maritime nations.

Understanding the environmental problems involve an integrated approach and in suggesting solutions and mitigation measures. The work would focus on the collection and interpretation of baseline data for all major environmental parameters, which depict the state-of-the-art marine environment. The IEA and EIS for the off-shore areas are to be undertaken exclusively by this section beside their work in the coastal areas. This type of information would help in monitoring the health of the coastal and marine waters in particular and of marine environment in general.

Detection of Pollutants due to shipping and transportation of oil material across the oceans endangers the marine environment. Pakistan Maritime Zone being an active area of such shipping is proves to such accidental spill of oil etc. Besides vessel source pollution, the coastal industries and large urban areas also pollute the seas through their effluent discharges. The work would thus involve collection of base line data for major pollutants and studies of the up-take and pathway of these pollutants. The research will provide information on collaborates and appropriate pollution control  measures. The institute will also take part in various international pollution monitoring program like Marine Pollution Monitoring (MARPOLMON) and GIPME programs of IOC, UNEP etc. Main Goals of the Proposed Section are as follows:

• Establish site selection criteria for setting up of new coastal industry.

• Develop innovative techniques and technologies for exploitation of coastal/offshore resources.

• Develop numerical models for the protection of coastal areas.

• Develop predicative capability for storm surges and determine the path of cyclones in coastal zones.

• Further develop remote sensing applications for the study of coastal and ocean resources.

• Ease social conflicts and tension in the coastal community due to unsustainable use of scarce, sensitive and fragile coastal natural systems.

• Systematic hydrodynamic and hydraulic investigation all along the coast.

• Study of various marine structures, establishment of coastal industry, intake water system for nuclear plants, and heavy industry and draining into the sea, etc.

• Development of commercial models to determine suitable solutions for siltation, erosion and protection problems.

• Energy projects from Sea surface winds, waves, Tides and (OTEC)

• Understanding the environmental problems

• Monitoring the health of the coastal and marine waters in particular and of marine environment in general suggesting solutions and mitigation measures.

• Collection and interpretation of baseline data for all major environmental parameters

• The IEA and EIS for the off-shore areas are to be undertaken exclusively by this section beside their work in the coastal areas.

• Detection of Pollutants due to shipping and transportation of oil, material across the oceans which endangers the marine environment

• Collection of base line data for major pollutants and studies of the up-take and pathway of these pollutants.

• Take part in various international pollution monitoring program like Marine Pollution Monitoring (MARPOLMON) and GIPME programs of IOC, UNEP etc.

• * International Maritime Liaison and Law of the Sea

Pakistan is a signatory to a number of international conventions. The legal regime governing the use of the ocean is based on the network of important international agreements. Pakistan is obligated to abide by international commitments in order to lay claim on its territorial and offshore boundaries. The UN’s Convention on the Law of the Sea provides a comprehensive frame work that sets forth the rights and obligation of states with respect to the uses of the ocean. Its provisions would guarantee control of economic activities of its maritime areas, such as fishing, mineral and oil/gas development.  It would further project Pakistan’s marine environment and at the same time preserve and reinforce the freedom of the navigation and over flight essential to national strategic and commercial interest. The some of the goals of this section would be as follows.

• Enhance Pakistan’s position on the International level in Ocean related issues.

• Develop cooperation with regional and other international maritime organizations.

• Encourage Pakistan’s memberships in ocean related consortiums.

• Implementation of UNCLOS

• International legal initiatives and maritime law.

• Provide necessary advice to Government agencies on the interpretation of the laws, rules and regulations governing the seas.

*    Coastal Zone Data and Information Services

            The Institute has a Reference library, with scientific publications and journals on oceanography that are published by several International oceanographic institutions. The establishment of a National Oceanographic Data Centre in each country has been recommended by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO of which Pakistan is a member.

The NODC (National Oceanographic Data Center) needs to be substantially expanded and strengthened to serve the research needs of NIO and other institutions. All the Oceanographic data will be kept in the Data Centre, in appropriate Internationally agreed format for exchange and supply to other national users etc. NODC has exchanged data with NODC’s of other countries and World Data Centers to a limited extent. NODC is the national contact for Mean Sea Level and tides. All these activities cannot be continued using old and out-dated computational facilities and it needs expansion and up-gradation to cope with the growing needs for marine data and information services in almost all coastal development projects and for integrated coastal zone management. This stresses that we should upgrade the computer facilities, soft-wares, add other new technical facilities to improve the existing computational power at NIO.

The Institute has built up facilities to provide advice and consultation on management of coastal areas and environment, their development, protection etc. Based on the existing data and activities. NIO is providing following ocean services.

-           Port Authorities                    - Hydraulic studies pollution.

-           Fisheries and Aquaculture   – Relevant information at potential sites.

-           Pakistan Navy and Shipping – Tidal Prediction.

• - Department of Housing and – Shore protection, Marine

            Works  (Urban Affairs)              Environment

-           Coastal Industries & offshore  – Oceanographic condition.

                                    exploration works

It is now imperative to add modern computerized storage, retrieval and data processing computational capacities to NODC.  In addition, a modern version of GIS will be extensively used.  All the collected data from satellite imageries will be stored in the GIS format so that the required information can be displayed by the computer in  most  convenient, useful and presentable form and suited for  the understanding by decision / policy makers.

All the Oceanographic and related data will be available in appropriate, locally exchangeable GIS compatible formats, as well as on Internationally agreed format for exchange and supply to other national users etc. The Institute will build up facilities to provide coastal and oceanic data and marine information services for a variety of stakeholders and managers and users of coastal resources and amenities. Based on the improved data collection, storage, retrieval and GIS facility NIO will be able to provide highly technical professional advice and marine information services. The main goals of this department would be as follows.

• Oceanographic data and literatures will be kept in the Data Centre, in appropriate Inter nationally agreed format for exchange and supply to other national users etc.

• Exchanged data with NODC’s of other countries and World Data Centers to a limited extent.

• Marine data and information services in almost all coastal development projects and for integrated coastal zone management.

• To provide advice and consultation on management of coastal areas and environment.

•*        Administration (Finance, Consulting, Marketing and Procurement Services)

An efficient administration well versed with the management issues is an essential part of any productive institute. With the strengthen of NIO it is expected that office management and human resources management work would increase manifold. A department with trained and skilled manpower in Administration, Accounts and budgeting will be established at NIO.  This section will look after all related matters pertaining to the institute management. A team of finance managers, personnel  managers  and supporting staff  will be employed. This Department will also have a Marketing Section that will assist in marketing products derived from R&D research. It will also interact with maritime industry and develop programs and projects that will have economic benefits.  

11. b)        INDICATE RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PROGRAMMES IN THE SAME SECTOR STUDIES AND IN OTHER SECTORS.

The sectors that will benefit enhancing and upgrading our capabilities in ocean research development are listed below:

• i. Power generation from renewable marine resources
• ii. Ocean climate/weather
• iii. Hydrographic Surveys
• iv. Marine environmental and pollution studies.
• v. Pollution monitoring and control.
• vi. Remote sensing of oceanic conditions.
• vii. Port /harbour development and shipping.
• viii. Offshore engineering industry.
• ix. Marine education.
• x. International maritime laws, rules and conventions and the rights and obligations that evolve from them.

Benefit of Research to the Sector and Economy 

The research in the NIO will boost exploration, management, conservation and exploitation of marine resources, thus contributing to the economy of the country, the salient aspects directly linked with such research are briefly noted below: -

11. c)              MENTION THE INTERMEDIATE OUTPUTS IN THE FORM OF  NUMBER OF  STUDY PAPERS TO BE  PRODUCED WITHIN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS.  INDICATE WHETHER THESE  STUDIES WOULD RESULT IN COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OR COMMERCIAL LEASING OUT OF THE PROCESS DEVELOPED.  IF SO, INDICATE EXPECTED INCOME.

So far, more than 250 research/technical papers have been produced by NIO. The research / technical outputs would be possible after the completion of the project i.e. up gradation and strengthening of NIO. A huge wealth of scientific information / data is envisaged to accrue which is expected to produce a great number of applied research/study papers and reports in various aspects and disciplines of oceanographic sciences. This scientific output in turn is foreseen to have a great potential for commercial applications and uses. The project will directly and indirectly contribute/achieve the economical interests and benefits.

The immediate output from this project will be most pronounced in the following fields where local expertise will be available to replace expensive foreign expertise hence achieving self-sufficiency and savings in foreign exchange by the country:

1)         Investigations for the identification / evaluation of promising areas for mineral resource potential.

2)         To establish base-line data inventory/GIS about EEZ to develop further a viable and targeted detailed research and exploration strategy.

3)         Environmental monitoring / assessment and pollution control studies on regional to local scales are envisaged.

4)         Ocean surveys and investigations for offshore engineering projects such as oil rig / platform installations, pipeline / cable laying, port / Harbour construction etc.

5)         Effectiveness of pollution control measures that may be taken by Government of Pakistan and organizations concerned.

• 6) Coastal erosion, accretion / sedimentation and protection of beaches / seawalls, coastal installations.

• 7) Technical feasibility of ports and harbors and recreational development;

• 8) Marine education and science at national institutions/ universities;

9)         Assistance to national agencies in collecting information on severe weather hazards and climatic variations.

11.d)    ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH. GIVE AVAILABILITY OF MANPOWER IN THE SPECIALIZED FIELD.  INDICATE METHODS OF DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS.

The administrative arrangements in place at NIO will be re-structured and upgraded to conduct the research and development work under this project. The Post of DG NIO will be upgraded to BPS-21 as originally proposed in the PC-1 of NIO during 1986. A Technical Advisory Committee of experts and DG NIO will manage the affairs of R&D under the guidance from the existing Board of Governors, NIO, headed by the Minister/Secretary of Science and Technology. 

The existing staff will be upgraded and some specialized manpower required for this project will be recruited through an Advertisement within Pakistan and abroad.  Qualified technicians will be inducted to maintain the expensive scientific Laboratory equipment and specialized survey equipment in good operational stage for R& D work at NIO.

The research findings by the scientists of the Institute would be disseminated through Departmental / Project progress Reports, NIO’s Technical Reports, Special Technical Reports tailored to the needs of the specific industry or coastal problem, Scientific Journals of international repute (local and foreign journals), In-house Journal, NIO’s News Bulletin and through articles in the local magazines and Daily Newspapers.

•12.                            ARRANGEMENTS FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT DURING  IMPLEMENTATION

The Board of  Governor, NIO and other technical committee(s) specifically formed for this purpose in consultation with Ministry of S&T/NIO, will be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of progress. Regular reports will be submitted to the committee by NIO along with onsite inspection reports on the progress of up gradation of NIO. Further, regular progress reports from NIO to Ministry of Science & Technology will be maintained at MoST and at planning and development division GOP.

13.                   GIVE DATE WHEN CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ESTIMATES WERE PREPARED.  IF PREPARED MORE THAN ONE YEAR AGO, CONFIRM IF THEY ARE STILL VALID.

                        August, 2003 at the prevailing market rates. The local costs based on FEC are calculated at  Pak Rs. 60 = 1 US$.  

                                                                                                                                    (Rs. in Million)

•15.                                     BASIS OF COST ESTIMATES: (GIVE FULL DETAILS)

The expenditures were prepared in August, 2003 based on prevailing market rates, and at current FEC rate. The capital expenditure is subject to escalation/inflation because of fluctuations in foreign exchange currency rates and other factors (Details are given in Table.1)

16.                   FINANCIAL PLAN

                        (i)         Give a complete source of financing of the project. Clarify            sources of financing such as federal/provinces, foreign/local   grant/loan.

                        Federal Grant PSDP, Ministry of Science and Technology. The Government of Pakistan will  meet  the  recurrent  expenditures   of Rs 10.50 million with an FEC of 0.85 Million through Ministry of Science and Technology allocations in the budget of the NIO.

Table-1

ANNUAL PHASING OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES AND ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES

Exchange Rate 1 USD = Rs.60/-

                                                                                                                                                Rs. in Million

17.       BENEFICIARY PARTICIPATION

            Executing agencies to confirm whether prospects for beneficiary participation have been considered and if so, provide a detailed mechanism for involving beneficiary.

The benefits to be accrued from this project are summarized below:

• i. Up graded R&D facilities at NIO essential for sustained development of the indigenous infrastructure and training of the requisite manpower for future marine research and exploration. It will also provide sound basis for our scientists/technicians to further promote and develop the marine research and survey capabilities.

• ii. The project will contribute directly/indirectly to the energy sector in general and to the offshore industry/market in particular.

• iii. In the later stages, after accomplishing major up gradations tasks, the NIO may partially serve other clients as well, both local and international, for research/exploration on commercial contract/charter basis. This will not only help in generating useful funds/amounts but will also enable Pakistani scientists and technicians to broaden and improve their experience at international level.

• iv. With the modern standard research facilities, collaborative scientific projects and exploration of marine resources of regional countries especially of Muslim countries may also be possible. Pakistan will also be able to participate in the International Oceanographic projects more effectively and prestigiously.

• v. To develop necessary manpower and expertise in various disciplines of Marine sciences in Pakistan.

18.                   RISK ANALYSIS

            Give detailed list of assumptions and the basis of changes therein.  Also indicate likely events, which may delay the projects and means of addressing these delays.

• i) The drastic changes in the Rupee-US $ Exchange rates would have a major impact on the capital cost of the project;

• ii) The submission of the formal proposal/offer by the Equipment/Suppliers may affect the capital cost of the project;

• iii) The drastic changes in the cost of construction materials and construction rates would also affect the capital cost of the project;

• iv) The project can be delayed on the account of non-availability of funds. The project can also be delayed if the proposed scientific/technical and other staff are not provided as required.

• v) The project cost can vary due to fluctuation in the exchange rate of foreign currency.

• vi) If the required funds for the completion of the project are not released on timely basis.

• vii) Restrictions imposed by foreign agency.

• viii) Unfavorable international/national, political and financial circumstances.

•19.             ESTIMATES OF ANNUAL RECURRING EXPENDITURE AFTER COMPLETION OF EACH PHASE OF PROJECT: (ALSO  INDICATE THE SOURCE OF FINANCING RECURRING EXPENDITURE)

 (Rs. in Million)

20.   AUTHORITY RESPONSIBLE TO MEET THE RECURRING EXPENDITURE AFTER COMPLETION OF   THE PROJECT.

            Government of Pakistan (Ministry of Science & Technology), through NIO.

 21.      UNIT COST FOR EACH CATEGORY OF SERVICE OR OUTPUT: INDICATE NUMBER OF TECHNICAL PERSONNEL AND MAN YEARS, NUMBER OF STUDIES, COST PER STUDY COST PER MAN YEAR.

                        Not applicable

22.       COMPARATIVE UNIT COST OF SIMILAR PROJECTS UNDER IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLETED.

                        Not applicable

23.       GIVE STATEMENT SHOWING PHASING OF REPAYMENT OF LOANS: INDICATE DEBT-SERVICING CAPACITY (I) OF PROJECT, (II) OF LOAN RECEIVING ORGANIZATION.

            Name of possible donor agency/country. Indicate whether any contact already established:

                        Not applicable.

24.       IN CASE OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH, IF THE PROCESSES DEVELOPED ARE TO BE LEASED TO COMMERCIAL FIRMS, GIVE CASH FLOW STATEMENT (INFLOW AND OUTFLOW) FOR THE NEXT FIVE YEARS.

                        Not applicable.

25.       ANNUAL PHASING OF PHYSICAL WORK AND FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

                        Phasing of Physical work.

(Rs. in Million)

                ——————————————————————————————————-

           Physical work                      Financial Requirements

Item %                 —————————————————————————

                                                                        Local              F. Exchange            Total 

                ——————————————————————————————————-

                        1st Year         68.56              20.47              1.10                            21.57

                        2nd Year       31.44                9.04              0.85                              9.89

                 ——————————————————————————————————-

                         Total            100%               29.51              1.95                            31.46

PART ‑  C  

 PROJECT REQUIREMENTS

26.       MANPOWER

DESIGNATION                    SCALE (BPS)          NO. OF POSTS

Director General                                           21                                01

            Details of manpower required for various existing and new disciplines are given below:

Ocean Technology, Coastal Zone Management and Remote Sensing

           (Satellite Oceanography, Marine Meteorology, Marine Environment and Pollution, International Maritime Liaison, Data Management)

DESIGNATION                    SCALE (BPS)          NO. OF POSTS

Principal Scientific Officer                           19                                02

Senior Research Officer                              18                                03

Research Officer                                           17                                03

Civil/Coastal Engineer                                 17                                01

Lawyer                                                            17                                01

Diver                                                               16                                01

Technician (Scientific)                                  15                                03

                                                                                                ———————

                                                Total Staff:                                       14

Mechanical and Electronics Workshop

DESIGNATION                    SCALE (BPS)          NO. OF POSTS

Electronics/Electrical Engineer                   17                                01

Assistant Engineer                                       16                                01

Technician (Mech/Elec./Auto)                      15                                02

Workshop Supervisor                                   15                                01

                                                                                                ———————

                                                Total Staff:                                       05

Administration, Accounts Procurement and Marketing

       DESIGNATION                         SCALE (BPS)          NO. OF POSTS

Accounts Officer                                            17                                01

Marketing/Procurement Officer                   17                                01

Office Assistant                                             11                                01

Driver  (Heavy Duty)                                      07                                01       

Naib Qasid                                                    01                                03

                                                                                                            ——————–

                                                                                    Total:                         07

            SECURITY SECTION

DESIGNATION                    SCALE (BPS)          NO. OF POSTS

Security Guard                                              04                                03

                                                                                                            —————–

                                                                                    Total:                         03

Total Number of personnel to be needed to strengthen NIO = 30

b)        Give list of employment to be generated by gender.

                        Position will be opened to qualified men and women.

c)     Give manpower required during the first year of the implementation of the project.  Give details of specific skills required (scientists, lab/field workers, technician etc.) separately for male and female and their grades.

During the 1st year staff will be required at NIO to manage the project.  The scientific and technical staff will be acquired and trained onshore and onboard, in Pakistan and abroad in the following major fields.

• 1. Current profiling and circulation modeling
• 2. Waves and wave climate modeling
• 3. Tides observation, analysis and prediction in relation to MSL
• 4. Remote Sensing application in Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
• 5. Marine Meteorology
• 6. Ocean Technology and CZM

d)        Likely shortage of manpower by occupation.

The main scientific and technical staff will be provided by NIO. Apart from this the required scientific/geotechnical staff will be acquired and trained for this purpose.

The expertise and facilities in marine science research and exploration lack or are very limited in Pakistan. Only NIO has developed some basic infrastructure for applied type of multi-disciplinary oceanographic research. However, the existing scientists and staff are quite insufficient and need to be strengthened. Therefore, the required manpower as given under item (b) above will be acquired and trained accordingly for which provision has been made in the project.

(e)       Steps to be taken to assure availability of manpower.

Scientific and technical manpower will be recruited in NIO as per laid down procedures of the Government and will be trained in the respective disciplines to work both onboard as well as at onshore.

(f)          Approximate number of persons required to be trained per year (locally and abroad) and the kind of skills to be learnt.

Scientists to be trained local/abroad are given below:

Training of Scientists/Engineers/Technicians on equipment

• 1. Current profiling and circulation modeling (Scientist)
• 2. Waves and wave climate modeling (Scientist)
• 3. Tides observation, analysis and prediction in relation to MSL (Scientist)
• 4. Remote Sensing application in Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (Scientist)
• 5. Marine Meteorology ((Scientist)
• 6. Ocean Technology and CZM (Scientists/Engineer/Technician)

27.       CIVIL WORKS

(a)       Total covered area of the building (basic for determining the space requirements) along with line plans, number of stories, etc.

Revamping of existing infrastructure will be carried out to accommodate lab space requirements for new departments, sections and for new equipment, data, and stores/logistics and for office space for the scientific and administrative staff.

One floor will be constructed on the existing building of NIO to accommodate new laboratories, research facilities and scientific staff. Covered area would be approximately 9049 sq. ft (Line Plan is Attached). 

 (b)      If houses provided, their number and categories along with covered area and line‑plans.  

Not Applicable

(c)       Size of the plot on which a building/houses are to be constructed viz. the percentage of open and constructed area.

Same as (a)

(d)       Give description of already completed or under construction building/houses viz. the new proposed construction

NIO building has ground plus two floors. This covers total area of 27147 sq. ft.. The additional space is required to accommodate the expected increase of future staff and laboratories/workshops.

(e)       Existing water supply and sewerage arrangement in the area as well as for the present project.

                                    Present facilities will be utilized.

(f)        Unit cost supported by item wise detailed estimates of the building/houses separately for civil works, water supply, sewerage other utilities including HVAC (if present), external development, etc.

Rs. 1000/- per sq. feet for finished construction has been estimated as per prevailing market rate at the seashore having higher humidity and salty air in Clifton, Karachi.

 (g)      Percentage of contingencies, departmental charges and escalation based on base cost.

                                    About 15% escalation will be charge on the estimated cost.

28.       PHYSICAL AND OTHER FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR PROJECT

Facilities for implementation of the project will be provided by existing set-up of NIO and its existing building. However, where applicable the required physical facilities will be provided by the Contractors/builders, Suppliers who will be entrusted with the construction of the building or supply of scientific equipment, etc. Facilities for operational utilization of the building and scientific equipment, and training requirements and facilities etc. once the project is completed will be looked after by the existing setup of NIO.

29.       MATERIALS, SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT

                        N/A

PART  “D”

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

            Indicate environmental impact likely to be generated as a result of implementation of the project.  Detailed quantification and analysis of the likely impacts separately on human life, animal life, forests and vegetation etc. should be provided.  The quantification of impacts should include the following:

i)          Traffic noise            

            No Traffic noise is anticipated

ii)         Air pollution

The research vessel will also be used to investigate the air pollution in the marine areas of Pakistan. The air-pollution from the vessel itself will be insignificant.

iii)        Water pollution

The research vessel will conduct research and evaluate marine pollution levels and examine the impact of pollution-induced changes in the marine inshore and offshore environment. Therefore the research vessel will be very useful in this regard.

iv)        Drainage/Run off         

            No Drainage/Run off is anticipated

v)         Community Severance     

            No Community Severance is anticipated

            vi)        Crop yield               

            No Crop yield is anticipated

vii)       Ground water contamination                              

            No ground water contamination is anticipated

viii)      People’s Health         

            No People’s health problem is anticipated

ix)        Wild Life                

The research vessel will locate new living resources such as new fishery resources, giant squid etc. for sustainable development. The ship’s survey boat can be used for mangrove and associated life investigations. It would thus be an extremely useful platform to study the marine life and its environment.

x)         Ecology                  

Both eutrophic and oligotrophic marine environment will benefit by the research work of the vessel.

xi)        Biophysical characteristics of the project site including water, geology and soils,             ecological (aquatic & terrestrial), natural resources (mineral/forestry/agriculture), and visual quality etc.                    

The research vessel will identify new non-living resources such as minerals hydrocarbons etc. on the ocean floor for rational exploration and exploitation. It will also map/investigate the seabed and subsurface geology and associated processes.

xii)       Restoration/preservation and re‑use of disturbed areas, through embankments etc.       

            No area will be disturbed

xiii)      Protection of habitats along communication routes i.e. roadways, rail track and around an airport etc.

            Not habitats will be disturbed

                                    LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH STATIONS IN ANTARTICA

Stations
Base Open Country Established Activities Situation Coordinates Time zone
Aboa Summer Finland 1988 Finnish Antarctic Research Program Queen Maud Land 73°03′S, 13°25′W
Akademik Vernadsky Station Permanent Ukraine 1994 Galindez Island 65°14′S, 64°15′W UTC-3
Almirante Brown Antarctic Base Summer Argentina 1951 Argentine Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula 64°53′S, 62°53′W UTC-3
Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Permanent United States 1957 United States Antarctic Program South Pole 90° S 0° E UTC+12*
Artigas Base Permanent Uruguay 1984 Uruguayan Antarctic Institute King George Island 62°10.5′S, 58°51.7′W UTC-3
Asuka Station unmanned observation Japan 1985 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land 77°19′01, S°39′42
Belgrano II Permanent Argentina 1979 Laboratory and meteorological station Coats Land 77°52′S, 34°37′W UTC-3
Bellingshausen Station Permanent Russia 1968 King George Island 62°11′47″S, 58°57′39″W
Bernardo O’Higgins Station Permanent Chile 1948 Chilean Army Antarctic Peninsula 63°19′S, 57°54′W UTC-4*
Captain Arturo Prat base Permanent Chile 1947 Chilean Navy Greenwich Island 62°30′S, 59°41′W UTC-4*
Casey Station Permanent Australia 1959 Australian Antarctic Division Vincennes Bay 66°17′S, 110°32′E UTC+8
Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base Permanent Brazil 1984 King George Island 62°05.1′S, 58°24.2′W
Concordia Station Permanent France
Italy 2005 Dome C, Antarctic Plateau 75°06′S, 123°20′E
Dakshin Gangotri Station Abandoned India 1984~1991 Indian Antarctic Program Queen Maud Land 70°45′S, 11°46′E
Davis Station Permanent Australia 1957 Australian Antarctic Division Princess Elizabeth Land 68°35′S, 77°58′E UTC+7
Dome Fuji Station Permanent Japan 1995 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land 77°19′01, S°39′42
Dumont d’Urville Station Permanent France 1956 Adélie Land 66°40′S, 140°00′E UTC+10
Eduardo Frei Montalva and Villa Las Estrellas Permanent Chile 1969 Chilean Air Force King George Island 62°11.7′S, 58°58.7′W UTC-4*
Esperanza Base Permanent Argentina 1975 Laboratory and meteorological station, radio, a school, and tourist facilities. Hope Bay 63°24′S, 57°00′W UTC-3
Gabriel de Castilla Spanish Antarctic Station Summer Spain 1989 Marine biology [1] Deception Island 62°58′S, 60°41′W
Georg von Neumayer Station Replaced by Neumayer Station Germany 1981-1992 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land 70°37′S, 08°22′W UTC
Gonzalez Videla Station Summer Chile ? ? Paradise Bay, Water Boat Point. 64°49′S, 62°52′W
Great Wall Station Permanent China 1985 Meteorology King George Island 62°13′S, 58°58.2′W
Halley Research Station Permanent United Kingdom 1956 British Antarctic Survey Brunt Ice Shelf 75°35′S, 26°34′W
Henryk Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station Permanent Poland 1977 Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology King George Island 62°09.2′S, 058°28.9′W
Jinnah Antarctic Station Summer Pakistan 1991 Pakistan Antarctic Expedition Reine Mary Coast 70°24′S, 25°45′E
Juan Carlos I Spanish Antarctic Station Summer Spain 1988 CSIC. Laboratory, investigation and meteorogical station. [2] Livingston Island 62°39′S, 60°23′W
Jubany Permanent Argentina 1953 Animal life, meteorology King George Island 62°14.2′S, 58°40.6′W UTC-3
King Sejong Station Permanent South Korea 1988 Korea Antarctic Research Program King George Island 62°13.2′S, 58°47′W
Law-Racovita Station Summer Romania 1986 Romanian Polar Research Institute Larsemann Hills (Princess Elizabeth Land) 69°23′S, 76°23′E
Leningradskaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia 1971 Russian Antarctic Expedition Oates Coast, Victoria Land 69°30′S, 159°23′E
Machu Picchu Research Station Summer Peru 1989 Summer base Admiralty Bay, King George Island 62°05.4′S, 58°28.1′W
Macquarie Base Permanent Australia 1911 Australian Antarctic Division Macquarie Island 54°30′S, 158°57′E
Maitri Station Permanent India 1989 Indian Antarctic Program Schirmacher region 70°45.58′S, 11°43.56′E
Marambio Base Permanent Argentina 1969 Laboratory, meteorological station, 1.2km long-30m wide landing track. (website) Seymour-Marambio Island 64°14′S, 56°37′W UTC-3
Mario Zucchelli Station Summer Italy 1986 Oceanobiology, Oceanography, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Meteorology, Climatology, Seismology, Magnetism and Ecology (website) Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea 74°42′S, 164°07′E UTC+12
Mawson Station Permanent Australia 1954? Australian Antarctic Division Mac Robertson Land 67°36′S, 62°53′E UTC+6
McMurdo Station Permanent United States 1956 Ross Island 77°51′S, 166°40′E UTC+12*
Mendel Polar Station Summer Czech Republic 2006 biological, geological and climate research James Ross Island 63°48′S, 57°52′W
Mirny Station Permanent Russia 1956 glaciology, seismology, meteorology, polar lights, cosmic radiation, and marine biology Davis Sea 66°33′07″S, 93°00′53″E
Mizuho Station irregular (transshipment station) Japan 1970 National Institute of Polar Research 70°41′S, 44°19′E
Molodyozhnaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia
Belarus 1962 Meteorology [3]
Russian Antarctic Expedition 67°40′18″S, 45°51′21″E
Neumayer Station Permanent Germany 1992 Alfred Wegener Institute Atka-Bay 70°39′S, 08°15′W UTC
Novolazarevskaya Station Permanent Russia January 1961 Queen Maud Land 70°46′04″S, 11°49′54″E
Orcadas Base Permanent Argentina 1904 Meteorology Orcadas Islands 60°44′S, 44°44′W UTC-3
Palmer Station Permanent United States 1968 Science labs, a dock and a helicopter pad. Anvers Island 64.77° S 64.05° W UTC-4
Prinses Elisabeth Base Permanent Belgium 2007 Under construction. Dronning Maud Land 71.57° S 23.20° E
Professor Julio Escudero base Permanent Chile Chilean Antarctic Institute King George Island 62°12.3′S, 58°58.5′W UTC-4*
Progress Station Summer Russia 1988 Russian Antarctic Expedition Prydz Bay 69°22′44″S, 76°23′13″E
Rothera Research Station Permanent United Kingdom 1975 British Antarctic Survey Adelaide Island 67°34′S, 68°08′W
Russkaya Station Re-opening in 2007/2008 Russia 1980 Russian Antarctic Expedition Marie Byrd Land 74°46′S, 136°52′W
San Martín Station Permanent Argentina 1951 Laboratory and Meteorological measurements 68°08′S, 67°06′W UTC-3
SANAE IV (South African National Antarctic Expeditions) Permanent South Africa 1962 (SANAE I) Upper atmosphere research (e.g. cosmic rays) and Earth sciences (e.g. geology). Fimbul Coastal Ice Shelf in Queen Maud Land 71°40′S, 2°51′W
St. Kliment Ohridski Base Permanent Bulgaria 1988 Biological research, laboratorial and meteorological measurements. First Eastern Orthodox church, St. Ivan Rilski Livingston Island 62°38′29″S, 60°21′53″W
Scott Base Permanent New Zealand 1957 Antarctic physical environments, Southern Ocean and Antarctic ecosystems. Ross Island 77°51′S, 166°45′E UTC+12
Showa Station Permanent Japan 1958 National Institute of Polar Research 69°00′S, 39°35′E GMT+3
Svea Summer Sweden 1988 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land 74°35′S, 11°13′W
Troll Station Permanent Norway 1990 Norwegian Polar Institute Queen Maud Land 72°00′S, 2°32′E
Wasa Station Summer Sweden 1989 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land 73°03′S, 13°25′W
Vostok Station Permanent Russia 1957 Russian Antarctic Expedition Antarctic Ice Sheet 78°28′S, 106°48′E UTC+6
Zhongshan (Sun Yet-Sen) Station Summer China 1989 69°22′44″S, 76°22′40″E
Kohnen-Station Summer Germany 2001 Alfred Wegener Institute Dronning Maud Land 70°00′S, 00°04′E

* Observes daylight saving time.