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“Pakistan” as it existed 5000 years ago. Today Many call it the “Indus Valley Civilization“. They also called it Meluhha and other names. However China 5000 Years ago is not called “The Yangtze Civilization” and Egypt is not called “The Nile Civilization” and India is not called “The Gangetic Valley Civilization”.

How could there be a “partition” when “Pakistan” has been in existence from the dawn of history, 5000 years ago as the Indus Valley Civilization”. Even before that, 150,000 years ago Pakistanis roamed  the Soan River valley…where there was ice everywhere else. 

Separation or Independence does not imply an unnatural act. Partition defines the act of something whole. Since “India” was not one country but a conglomeration of more than 500 states. There was no “partition”!

The West states had lived together in the Valley of the Indus for more than 5000 years together so it was natural for them to live together

Lord Curzon and Britain

Constables 1893 British map showing all the states in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Burma, Ceylon, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim as part of ”Indian Empire” 

THE BASIS FOR THE THESIS:

Independence Act of 1947 passed by the British parliament

Legal India Pakistan map. Map of India. Map of Pakistan. Map of Bangladesh

The British Raj of shall be terminated on the midnight of August 15, 1947

An independent dominion of India shall be created out of the United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency, the Carnatic, East Punjab, West Bengal, Assam and the Northeast Frontier Agency. The territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep Islands are also turned over to the Indian Dominion.An independent dominion of Pakistan shall be created out of the provinces of West Punjab, East Bengal, North West Frontier Province and Sindh.

That all Indian princely states shall be released from their official commitments and treaty relationships with the British Empire, and will be free to join either dominion. However, Lord Mountbatten told the princely states that their accession was a necessity because he feared the idea of the princely states staying independent could lead to chaos.

Both Dominions will be completely self-governing in their internal affairs, foreign affairs and national security, but the British monarch will continue to be their head of state, represented by the Governor-General of India and a new Governor-General of Pakistan. Both Dominions shall convene their Constituent Assemblies and write their respective constitutions.

Both Dominions will be members of the British Commonwealth, but free to leave whenever they please.

British Indian Empire map. 570 states part of the Empire

 

Bharat ( “India” )
Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy, was retained as the Governor-General of the “Republic of Bharat” also called “Republic of India” in English. Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister of “The Republic of Bharat” (aka Republic of India” in English) and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Deputy Prime Minister of the ROI. Over 560 princely states acceded to Bharat, with the states of Junagadh and Hyderabad annexed after military action.

Junagadh had opted for Pakistan but was run over and occupied by Bharat. Hydrabad never acceded to Bharat and was run over and occupied. Manvadar stayed independent ’till 1948.Most of the 560 states were bulldozed into accepting Bharat as the dominion.  

In British time right up to independence, andeven ’till 1948 the Subcontinent ( “India” ) was divided into two sets of territories, the first being the territories under the control of the British Empire, and the second being the territories over which the Crown had suzerainty, but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers.

In addition, there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal. The political integration of these territories into India was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress, which the Government of India pursued over the next decade.

French India included Indo China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

Through a combination of factors, coercive methods, and military occupation Vallabhai Patel and V.P. Menon “convinced” the rulers of the various princely states to accede to India. Having secured their accession, they then proceeded to, in a step-by-step process, secure and extend the central government’s authority over these states and transform their administration until, by 1956, there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been part of princely states. Simultaneously, the Government of India through a combination of diplomatic and military means acquired ” facto” and “de jure” control over the remaining colonial enclaves, which too were integrated into India.

Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India, it was not as successful in relation to a few states, notably the former princely states of Kashmir, Tripura and Manipur, Mizuram, Tamil Nadu, Naxalites, and other areas where more than 89 active secessionist movements exist

4 Ancient Superpowers: China (Yangtze valley), Egypt (Nile Valley), Iraq (Tigris Valley), Pakistan (Indus Valley)

 

Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Three princely states geographically inalienable to Pakistan joined the Dominion. Kashmir was disputed

The Princely states tried to stay independent or join Pakistan.

The rulers of the princely states were not uniformly enthusiastic about integrating their domains into independent India. Some, such as the kings of Bikaner and Jawhar, were motivated to join India out of ideological and patriotic considerations,[24] but others insisted that they had the right to join either India or Pakistan, to remain independent, or form a union of their own.[25] Bhopal, Travancore and Hyderabad announced that they did not intend to join either dominion.[26]

Hyderabad went as far as to appoint trade representatives in European countries and commencing negotiations with the Portuguese to lease or buy Goa to give it access to the sea,[27] and Travancore pointed to the strategic importance to western countries of its thorium reserves while asking for recognition.[28] Some states proposed a subcontinent-wide confederation of princely states, as a third entity in addition to India and Pakistan.[29]

Bhopal attempted to build an alliance between the princely states and the Muslim League to counter the pressure being put on rulers by the Congress.

A number of factors contributed to the collapse of this initial resistance and to nearly all princely states agreeing to accede to India. An important factor was the lack of unity amongst the princes. The smaller states did not trust the larger states to protect their interests, and many Hindu rulers did not trust Muslim princes, in particular Hamidullah Khan, the Nawab of Bhopal and a leading proponent of independence, who they viewed as an agent for Pakistan.[31] Others, believing integration inevitable, sought to build bridges with the Congress, hoping thereby to gain a say in shaping the final settlement. The resultant inability to present a united front or agree on a common position significantly reduced their bargaining power in negotiations with the Congress.[32] The decision by the Muslim League to stay out of the Constituent Assembly was also fatal to the princes’ plan to build an alliance with it to counter the Congress,[33] and attempts to boycott the Constituent Assembly altogether failed on 28 April 1947, when the states of Baroda, Bikaner, Cochin, Gwalior, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Patiala and Rewa took their seats in the Assembly

Mountbatten believed that securing the states’ accession to India was crucial to reaching a negotiated settlement with the Congress for the transfer of power.

Modern historians such as Lumby and Moore, however, take the view that Mountbatten played a crucial role in ensuring that the princely states agreed to accede to India. By far the most significant factor that led to the princes’ decision to accede to India was the policy of the Congress and, in particular, of the two key figures in the States Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon. The Congress’ stated position was that the princely states were not sovereign entities, and as such could not opt to be independent notwithstanding the end of paramountcy.

7000 year old Geographic reality of Pakistan transcended the brief British Raj of 200 years. The people of the Indus Valley have been living together for more than 5000 years. In 1947 they simply renewed their age old ties. Partition creates a false sense of the so called unity of the Subcontinent under one umbrella. Historically such unity never existed. It is what the Hindus refer to division of “Mother India” or the “vivisection of the motherland.” Vivisection implies “the action of cutting into or dissecting a living body”.

“Pakistan” existed 5000 years ago. It was not called “Pakistan”. China 5000 years ago was also called something else. Egypt 5000 years ago was called something else.

The “British ‘Indian’ Empire” included Somalia, Iraq, Aden, Burma and other states. There was no partition.

THE THESIS: “There was no ‘partition’.”

Legally the word “partition” never appears in the British Independence Act of 1947. According to the British two dominions were being creamed from the old British Empire. The hundreds of states then had an option of joining either one of the dominions.

The term “India” is elusive ephemeral and meant different parts of Asia to different nationalities. The official name of the country according to the constitution is “Bharat”. 

The history of the independence of South Asia is more like the history of the USA, where 13 colonies got together and then tried to expand by enticing other colonies and states to join them in the USA. The history of 1947 is very similar where the two dominions scrambled to take over the 570 or so indepenedent states.

Pakistanis do not conform to the “Indian” paradigm of “one country.” Pakistan was created under the banner of the Two Nation Theory. There was a separation. Partition divides something. Nothing was divided in 1947. Historians in general and many Pakistanis in particular dislike the usage of the term “partition” because “partition” implies the separation of a whole. Pakistanis prefer independence or separation. Because there never was a country called “India” there was no partition. The term “India” stems from the Arab usage of the word Hind from for the inhabitants who lived on the Sindhu (Indus) river. In time all residents beyond the Indus were also called Hindus. Other articles on this site show us the British “India” Empire.

“The Malay archipelago is sometimes also known as the East Indies, but some authorities apply a much broader meaning to this term by including Indochina, the Indian subcontinent, and even areas as far west as Iranian Baluchistan.” Source: WIikipedia

The Western states, Kalat, Bhawalpur, Dir, Hunza, Chitral and provinces Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and NWFP banded together to form “Pakistan” and decided to live together as one country just like they had lived together for thousands of years before the British arrived in the Indus Valley Civilization that existed almost entirely on the banks of the Indus.The Subcontinent was composed of hundreds of states. The maps below show the British Empire and the hundreds of states in the Subcontinent.

POST INDEPENDENCE DISCUSSION SHEDS LIGHT ON WHY THERE WAS NO PARTITION
  Why the abhorrence of the word “partition” to describe the happenings of 1947. Semantics are very important. Words transfer ideas and thoughts. Words are very important. We must understand the reason for not calling it “partition”. The word “Partition” was developed to convey the idea that “India” was one country and was divided and should be mad whole again.

 The states of the Gangetic Civilzation that existed on the banks of the Ganges banded together to live form Bharat (consitutional name of “India”). Pakistan had objected to the name “India” being used by Bharat.

This map shows the British Indian Empire which included many states. The other map details the condition of the Subcontinent of the eve of the British departure.There never was a country called “India”. The Arabs and others called those living on the river Indus as Sindhu or Hindu. ”India” is a derivative of the word. During British Times vast areas of Asia came under the jursdiction of Britain. Iraq, Somalia, Burma and 526 states in the Subcontinent were all part of the British Empire. When the British were leaving all the parts were made independent.Of these, Somalia, Iraq, Burma, and Pakistan are some of the countries that got liberated. There never was any parition becuase there never was a “whole” to divide. 

British Raj (r?j, lit. “rule” in Hindi) or British India, officially the British Indian Empire, and internationally and contemporaneously, India, was the term used synonymously for the region, the rule, and the period, from 1858 to 1947, of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent. The region included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom (contemporaneously, “British India”) as well as the princely states ruled by individual rulers under the paramountcy of the British Crown. The princely states, which had all entered into treaty arrangements with the British Crown, were allowed a degree of local autonomy in exchange for accepting protection and complete representation in international affairs by Great Britain. The British Indian Empire included the regions of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and, in addition, at various times, Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867). British India had some ties with British possessions in the Middle East;the Indian rupee served as the currency in many parts of that region. What is now Iraq was, immediately after World War I, administered by the India Office of the British government.Source: Wikipedia 

Pre Independence

The Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates delta, the Yangtsse Delta, and the Indus,  are the wombs of all civilizations on our earth. These river valley spawned and nurtured humanity. Imagine a world with four superpowers at peace with each other. Imagine a planet where each civilization was immersed in humongous construction projects, urban edification and trade. . How did these proto-world powers interact with each other? Imagine a civilization without any implements of war. Let us look into pre-history and peek into the “seeds” of time. Let us look at the valleys of the world that engendered the Superpowers of the ancient world..

These were the centuries when Moses was battling the pharaohs, Abraham was building the Kaaba, David was ruling the kingdom, and Solomon was building the Temple of Yahweh. It was during these centuries that the Indus Valley Civilization flourished and reached itszenith in South Asia.The erudite research of international scholars in the nineteen nineties has demystified the third millennium Harappans. The IVC built well planned municipalities for its citizens. While the Egyptians spent three generations of their labor force (estimated between 20,000-10000) building useless mausoleum-pyramids to bury the God-kings, the Harappans were successful in eradicating, disease, hunger, and malnutrition.

The Harappans of the IVC did not build huge commemorative, deifying, dedicatory, cenotaphs. The Harappans of Meluhha-IVC built the finest cities of the third millennium. Since the Indus Valley was a relatively unstratified society it did not built huge obelisks to its kings. The ruins of the urban centers of the Indus Valley tell us a very interesting tale.The evidence from the digs tell a fascinating narrative. As more and more evidnece comes in, we find that the Harappans did not live in isolation. We find fascinating tales about artifacts that were found thousands of miles away in far away in Mesepotamia. We find that the old world not only spoke similar languages but we find that the proto-world traded with each other extensively.

THE GEOGRAPHIC TWO NATION THEORY:

“Pakistan” existed 5000 years ago: What was it called 5000 years ago?

Long before the Crescent and Star flew atop Islamabad, long before Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sind, and long before the Mughals spread prosperity in all the nooks and corners of the subcontinent, long before the Sikh dynasty briefly controlled Kashmir, and long before the Chundra Gupta Vikramadatya ruled India, the people of Punjab, Sindh, Sarhad, and Kashmir were tied together as the people of Pakistan.

PAKISTAN AS INHERITOR OF THE IVC
Let us see what the encyclopedias says about the Indus Valley and Pakistan:

Pakistani Trade 5000 years years ago in the IVC and outside

Present-day Pakistan shares the 5,000-year history of the India-Pakistan Subntinent. At present day Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the Indus Valley Civilization, with large cities and elaborate irrigation systems, flourished c. 4,000-2,500 BC.

Aryan invaders from the NW conquered the region around 1,500 BC, forging a Hindu civilization that dominated Pakistan as well as India for 2,000 years.

Beginning with the Persians in the 6th century BC, and continuing with Alexander the Great and with the Sassanians, successive nations to the west ruled or influenced Pakistan, eventually separating the area from the Indian cultural sphere.

The Pakistan (IVC) and China. Indus Valley 5000 years ago The Pakistan China Nexus: The friendship higher than the Karakurrum mountains, deeper than the Arabian sea and sweeter than honey

History. The area that is now Pakistan was the site of the INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION, the earliest known culture on the Indian subcontinent. Press. Copyright © 1991 by Columbia University Press. The World Almanac® and Book of Facts 1994

Pakistan (pàk´î-stàn´, pä´kî-stän´) Abbr. Pak.
A country of southern Asia. Occupying land crisscrossed by ancient invasion paths, Pakistan was the home of the prehistoric Indus Valley civilization, which flourished until overrun by Aryans c. 1500 B.C. After being conquered by numerous rulers and powers, it passed to the British as part of India and became a separate Moslem state in 1947. The country originally included what is now Bangladesh, which declared its independence in 1971. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi the largest city. Population, 83,782,000. – Pak´istan´i (-stàn´ê, -stä´nê) adjective & noun. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Indus valley civilization, c.2500-c.1500 B.C., ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus R. in present-day Pakistan. Its chief cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, where archaeologists have unearthed impressive public and private buildings that are evidence of a complex society based on a highly organized agriculture supplemented by active commerce. The arts flourished, and examples in copper, bronze, and pottery have been uncovered. Also found were examples of a pictograph script that long baffled archaeologists but was finally deciphered in 1969. The fate of the Indus valley civilization remains a mystery, but it is believed that it fell victim to invading Aryans. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia

An urban civilization with a so-far-undeciphered writing system stretched across the Indus Valley and along the Arabian Sea c3000-1500 BC. Major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan, well-planned geometric cities with underground sewers and vast granaries. The entire region (600,000 sq. mi.) may have been ruled as a single state. Bronze was used, and arts and crafts were highly developed. Religious life apparently took the form of fertility cults.

Indus civilization was probably in decline when it was destroyed by Aryan invaders from the northwest, speaking an Indo-European language from which all the languages of Pakistan, north India and Bangladesh descend. Led by a warrior aristocracy whose legendary deeds are recorded in the Rig Veda, the Aryans spread east and south, bringing their pantheon of sky gods, elaborate priestly (Brahmin) ritual, and the beginnings of the caste system; local customs and beliefs were assimilated by the conquerors. The World Almanac® and Book of Facts 1994

Indus (în´des), chief river of Pakistan, c.1,900 mi (3,060 km) long, site of the prehistoric INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION. It rises in the TIBET region of China, flows west across Jammu and KASHMIR, India, then southwest through Pakistan, where it receives the “five waters” of the PUNJAB (the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers), to an infertile clay delta on the Arabian Sea SE of Karachi. The unnavigable Indus is harnessed for irrigation and hydroelectricity by the Jinnah, Sukker, and Kotri dams. A treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan regulates withdrawals of water from the river and its tributaries. The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia

IVC existed only in the Western part of the subcontinent, almost exclusively on the banks of the Indus (current day Pakistan). Therefore current day Pakistanis are inheritors of the IVC. There was a civilization in present day Pakistan. “India” did not exist 5000 years ago. The Sumerians called it Meluhha and Mekan. We don’t know what they called it. No one can be sure. “Pakistan” existed 5000 years ago in the IVC, even though the IVC probably did not call it Pakistan.

One cannot accept the Lebanese, and the Syrian, and Cypriotic claim to the Egyptian civilization, and one cannot accept the Japanese claim to the original Chinese civilization. Similarly once cannot accept the “Indian” claim to the IVC. The “Indian” claim to the IVC is by association. The Egyptian claim to the “Egyptian” civilization is by geography.

The beliefs of the IVC are totally irrelevant to the inheritors of the IVC. There is no conclusive proof of the beliefs of the IVC. Bainerjee and Sir Edmund Hill, the two founding archeologists on the IVC clearly state in their writings, that the IVC people did not have any organized religion. No “Temples” have been discovered either in Moenjadaro or in Harappa or in Taxila. The ancient IVC culture, whether they worshipped anything or nothing is besides the point. The current day Egyptians are the inheritors of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The current day Egyptians are also Muslim. Are they going to be denied the right to claim the Egyptian civilization, just because they are Muslim? If one denies the Pakistanis the inheritance to the IVC, then you should go and challenge the Egyptians also. The ancient Egyptians ALSO participated in rituals that were Un-Islamic.

Anthropologists have observed that the present population of Gujarat is composed of more or less the same ethnic groups as are noticed at Lothal in 2000 BC. Similarly, the present population of the Punjab is said to be ethnically the same as the population of Harappa and Rupar 4000 years ago. Linguistically the present day population of Gujrat and Punjab belongs to the Indo-Aryan language speaking group. The only inference that can be drawn from the anthropological and linguistic evidences adduced above is that the Harappan population in the Indus Valley and Gujrat in 2000 BC was composed of two or more groups, the more dominent among them having very close ethnic affinities with the present day Indo-Aryan speaking population of India.

I call this the GEOGPRAHIC TWO NATION THEORY…and when I originally proposed it and posted it on the SCI it was met with a lot of hostility….Mr. Aitzaz Ahsan has now written a book on this subject Aitzaz Ahsan’s Indus run.

THE MYSTERIES OF THE ORIENT: Mekan, Meluhha and Dilmun The mysteries of the orient are as fascinating as the mysteries of the Occident. This treatise will invetigate some of the riddles. How did the Indus seals end up in Mesopotamia? How did Ur, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sumeria, and the birthplace of the prophet Abraham trade with Mohen-jo-daro? What did the Harappans of Meluhha get in return from thecitizens of Ur? How did the Harappans use trade to enhance their livelihood? What language did they speak? How did they communicate with each other? The Bronze age Harappans needed tin for their seals and other artifacts, but the nearest tin source was in Indonesia and Malaysia. There were some tin sources in Afghanistan and Iran. Where did the Harappans get their tin from? Only 250-430 of the Harappan seals have been discovered.Where are the rest? In spite of the claims to the contrary, the pictographic Indus language remains undechipered. The short passages on the seals are a great impediment to translating the language. After the decline of the Harappans, the pictographic language disappeared from the Subcontinent. What led to its destruction? Let us look into the sands of time and peek into pre-history and look at thehistorical records of other civilizations. Circa 3000 B.C. The Pharoahs were ruling Egypt, and one of the earlies Choeps pyramid is being built there. The Sumerians, Egyptians, Hittites, and the Phonecians worshipped the mother Goddess Innin and her son Tammuz. The IVC was at its peak from 2500 Bc to 1900 BC. Let us see what was goingon in the other three civilizations that existed on the palnet.

Circa 2500 B.C. The prophet Abrahim would not leave Ur in Chaldea for another 400 years (2100 B.C). The painted and black pottery were in vogue in China. The Egyptians discover papyrus (the plant for paper) begin importing gold from Africa, and begin mummyfying their dead. Agricultural developments begin in the malayan peninsula. The Isrealities led by Moses would not leave Eghpt for Caan for another thousand years (1500 B.C.)

Circa 2000 B.C: The Hittites, Indo-European tribes for Asia Minor join together in one kindgdom. The great Labrynth of Egypt by Amenhet III. The code of Hamurabi is canonized. King David would not acceede as king of united kingdom of Judah and Israel for another thousand year (1000 B.C. to 960 BC). King Solomon (960-925 BC) still had not built the Yaweh Temple in Jeruslem. This is the same temple that is revered by all major monotheistic religions on earth.The towns of the IVC were built at the time the towns of Ur flourished in the lands of the prophets. The towns in the IVC had better planning, better construction materials and displayed a more stable civilization. The IVC was inhabited by advanced people who built great cities, and were very knowledgeable about science, mathematics, and town planning. The towns of Mohen-ja-Daro, Harappa were the “capitals” of the civilization, but the civilization may have had over a thousand cities mostly in what is today called Pakistan.

Today many of the old cites of the IVC lie underneath other more modern South Asian metropolises.Not all cities of the Harappanera have been discovered. Part of the heritage is lost to the “efficiency” of the Scottish engineers who plundered the bricks from the sites to build the Lahore-Multan railway (1856-1911). Urbanization in the Indus valley was just as gradual as in Egypt or Mesopotamia, but the destruction of the Indus Valley was sudden? What happened? Was the civilization razed under the hoofs of invading hordes, or did natural calamities like earthquakes, droughts or floods destroy the towns? The Harappan civilization did not know rice. Rice was introduced into the Subcontinent around 1000 BC. How was rice introduced to the Subcontinent? Was the Gangetic civilization part of the Chinese civilization or was it influenced by it?…

The Northern areas are not part of Kashmir . They are part of Pakistan. See arrow.

Northern Areas with relationship to Occupied Kashmir

This map shows Occupied Kashmir. Kashmir Valley and now Ladakh are Muslim majority areas. Even though there is a lot of underreporting of the Muslim population in Jammu, and other areas, Muslims make up a sizable percentage of the people.

Siachen is Pakistani territory right up to the Chinese border:

Mistakes in Wikipedia maps. Please correct

There are serious errors in Wikipedia maps which they refuse to correct. Many claim that Wikipeid ahas list all its credability becuase it is very heavily staffed by extremsit Indians who refuse to publish any accurate representation of history of Pakistan.

• Who killed On Liaqat Ali Khan?
• On deconstructing the wrong paradigm of the USA media
• Rebutting Cohen
• Pakistanis are immune to another prophecy of doom
• Pakistanis want to hear “Thank You” from the ingrate Americans. Nothing is good enough!
• Pakistanis to USA: We want “Friends Not Masters”
• Say Thank You
• Pakistan US Relations should be normal not transactional
• Response to Congressman Hoyer on Pakistan

  http://moinansari.wordpress.com/2007/11/27/letter-to-congressman-hoyer-about-pakistan/

• On inadequate US Aid
• Where is Osama Bin Laden
• Where are the Pakistani nukes?

Noticias de Rupia | Nouvelles de Roupie | Rupiennachrichten | ??????? ????? | ???? | Roepienieuws | Rupi Nyheter | ??????? | Notizie di Rupia | PAKISTAN LEDGER | ???????? ????? | DefensebriefsIntellibriefs Translate this page on to one of these languages: Subscribe to our RSS feed: | RUPEE NEWS | December 27th, 2007 | Moin Ansari | ???? ??????? | ????? ????? | Save/Share